Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
what are the three types of observation
A
identify properties, patterns, and relationships of variables
descriptive, (5 senses), measurement, and record
2
Q
observation shave to be-
A
reproducable
3
Q
hypothesis
A
is a tentative, falsifiable explanation of an observation.
4
Q
experiment
A
testing- identify the cause and effect relationship of variables
5
Q
what are the steps to the scientific methods
A
- observation
- hypothesis
- prediction
- experiment
- analysis
6
Q
Describe common characteristics living organisms and distinguish between living organisms and nonliving things
A
- life is organized
- homeostasis
- adapt
- energy use
- reproduce and develop (evolve)
7
Q
Describe and provide examples of each level in the hierarchy of biological organization
A
atom- molecule-H2O cell- hair tissue- not living- skin, blood organ-heart organ system- vascular system organism-human population- classroom community- nccu ecosystem- durham biosphere
8
Q
three domains
A
eukarya
bacteria
archea
9
Q
eukarya kingdoms
A
protisits, plant, animals, and fungi
10
Q
what do all eukarya kingdoms have
A
chromosomes, plasma membrane, ribosomes, and cytoplasm
11
Q
bacteria cell type
A
prokaryotic
12
Q
bacteria cell madeup
A
unicellular (asexual reproduction)
13
Q
bacteria method of obtaining food
A
both consumer and producer (made of nutrients)
14
Q
archea cell type
A
prokaryotic
15
Q
archea cell make up
A
unicellular
16
Q
eukarya cell type
A
eukaryotic
17
Q
eukarya cell make up
A
multi cellular and unicellular
18
Q
Kingdom anamilia: cell type, cell make up, method of obtaining energy and mode of reproduction
A
eukaryotic, multicellular, consumer, sexual
19
Q
archea method of obtaining energy
A
consumer and producer
20
Q
eukarya method of obtaining energy
A
consumer and producer
21
Q
Kingdom protista cell type, cell make up, method of obtaining energy and mode of reproduction
A
most unicellular or multi cellular
autrophs and heterotrophs
consumers, producers and decomposers
22
Q
kingdom fungi
A
eukaryote, multi cellular, decomposer, unicellular
23
Q
kingdom plant
A
eukaryote, multi cellular, producer, asexual or sexual
24
Q
hydrogen
A
inorganic molecule
25
sun
inorganic
26
taxonomy
classification system
27
what is an atom made up of
subatomic particles (protons, neutron, and electrons)
28
where are the protons located
nucleus
29
where are the electrons located
orbital shell
30
where are the neutrons located
nucleus
31
subatomic particles have three properties that give an atom
1. weight
2. chemical property
3. reactivity
32
element
substance that cannot be broken down into a similar
33
matter
anything that has weight (mass) and takes up space
34
atom
smallest unit of matter
35
atoms are
neutral
36
valence
the outermost
37
electron distribution
2-8-8-8-8-8 (octet rule)
38
reactive
valence vacency
39
inert
no valence vacancy
40
reactive atoms
try to bond with another atom
| try to not have any vacancies
41
covalent bond
becomes a charged atom
42
ionic bond
taking away electrons
The atom that loses an electron is positively charged; the atom that gains an electron is negatively charged. This charge difference attracts the atoms to each other, forming an ionic bond
43
gaining electrons
negative charge
44
loosing electrons
positive charge
45
what is organic and what is not organic
organic because it contains carbon
46
prediction
testable, flasifiable- focuses on the outcomes or results of a logical hypthesis
47
independent varibale
changes what you test
48
dependent variable
resopnds to the independent variable
49
control group
untreated group used for comparison
50
experimental group
the value of variables are based on comparison and correlation between 2 experimental groups
51
treatment groups
set of standard variables + independent variable
52
testing results
supported by hypothesis are accepted as tentative explanations
rejected hypothesis is reexamined changed or declared
53
main molecules
CHON- carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen
54
examples of molecules
water, protein, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids
55
photosynthesis
sun energy + CO2 (CARBON DIOXIDE) + H2O (WATER)=C6H12O6(GLUCOSE)+O2 (OXYGEN)
56
Rspiration
C6H12O6(GLUCOSE)+ O2 (OXYGEN)=CO2 (CARBON DIOXIDE)+H2O(WATER)+ATP
57
Energy from the sun will go in
one way or direction
58
homeostasis
constant stability- maintenance of c.s. in the internal envionment
59
adaptation
traits or characteristics that enhance survival and reproduce
60
what is the building block for all carbs
monosaccharide
61
monosaccarides
are the monomers of carbohydrates.
| glucose, fructose, galactose
62
disaccarides
composed of monosaccharide monomers
63
examples of disaccarides
sucrose (table salt) lactose (milk sugar) maltose (malt sugar)
64
what type of energy is mono, di, and ploy saccarides?
mono: short term
di: short term
poly: longterm
65
polysaccarides
```
aka complex carbsare
long chains of carbohydrates.
chitin- forms exoskeleton of insects
Cellulose: structure
Starch: energy
Glycogen: energ
```
66
building block of disaccaride and polysaccaride
monosaccaride
67
examples of polysaccaride
bread, beans, rice, and pasta
68
Lipids
fats (hdrophobic)
69
building block of lipids
fatty acids
70
triclyceride
3 fatty acids
71
phospholipids
2 fatty acids
| make the membrane of the cell
72
steroids
4 fused rings- form hormones and cholestrol
| LIPI
73
Proteins function
structure, movements, transport, storage and enzymes
74
enzyme
is a catalyst- drives chemical reactions
75
what is the building block of protien
amino acid
76
primary structure
straight chain of amino acids
77
secondary structure types
alpha helix and beta
78
tertiary structure
includes secondary structure + random folds
79
quartinary structure
made of sub units of tertiary structure
80
building block of nucleic acids
nucleotides
81
what are the two sugars in nucleic acids
deoxyribose and ribose
82
electronegativity
ability to attract electrons
83
what is the chain of carbon
fatty acid
84
where are simple carbs found?
milk, fruit and vegies
85
emergent properties
properties that are added later on for an organism to adapt.
86
how fast does bacteria eveolve
very quickly
87
what kind of bacteria is most successful
anti-resistant
88
Taxonomy
is the scientific study of naming and classifying organisms.
89
Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea are prokaryotic and
unicellular
90
how are eukaryotes and prokaryotes different for each other
Eukarytoes contain a cell membrane and nucleus
91
standardized varible
held constant for all subjects
92
statistical significance
the probability that the results arose purely by chance.
93
Limitations to scientific inquiry include
Multiple interpretations
Misinterpretations of observations or results
Slow acceptance of unexpected conclusions
Limited to existing phenomena of the natural world
94
thoery
is an explanation for a natural phenomenon, broader in scope than hypotheses and supported by a tremendous amount of research.
Like hypotheses, theories are potentially falsifiable.
95
fatcs
are repeatable observations that everyone agrees on.
96
proton
atomic number
97
Electrons
surround the nucleus.
| They are very small and move very fast.
98
atomic number
indicates how many protons are in each atom of that element
99
mass number
is the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.
100
isotope
The number of neutrons may vary among atoms of the same element. An isotope is any of these different forms of an element.
has different mass number
Isotopes have different number of neutrons
101
atomic weight
is the average mass of all isotopes of that element.
102
Radioactive isotopes
unstable atoms which emit radioactive energy as they break down to stable forms.
103
Compounds
are molecules of two or more elements.
104
chemical bond
is an attractive force that holds atoms together. The chemical bond may be formed by donating, stealing, or sharing electrons of the valence shell.
105
Cohesion
is the tendency of water molecules to stick to one another.
106
Adhesion
is the tendency to form hydrogen bonds with substances other than water
107
hydrophilic
(“water-loving”) solutes.
- Polar solutes
- Ions
108
names of stuff that dissolves in water
In this example, the solute is salt, the solvent is water, and the resulting saltwater is the solution.
109
hydrophobic
(“water-fearing”) solutes.
| - Nonpolar molecules, such as fats
110
chemical reaction
occurs when two or more molecules, exchange their atoms resulting in different molecules,
111
reactants,
two or more molecules
112
product
resulting in different molecules,
113
pH scale
The pH scale is based on the amount of H+ in a solution.
114
organic molecule
contains both carbon and hydrogen. Methane is a simple organic molecule.
115
monomer
is a single unit of a carbohydrate, protein, or nucleic acid
116
polymers
Monomers joined
117
dehydration synthesis
an enzyme binds two monomers, releasing a water molecule
118
Hydrolysis
is the reverse reaction of dehydration synthesis;
| it breaks polymers into monomers
119
what does Dehydration synthesis do in carbs?
binds two monosaccharides, forming a disaccharide.
120
what does hydrolysis do in carbs?
separates disaccharides into monosaccharides.
121
what does Dehydration synthesis do in proteins?
binds two amino acids, forming a dipeptide
122
what does hydrolysis do in proteins?
separates dipeptides into amino acids.
123
what does Dehydration synthesis do in nucleic acids
links two nucleotides.
124
what does hydrolysis do in nucleic acids
separates nucleotides.
125
what does Dehydration synthesis do in lipids and what does hydrolysis do?
Dehydration synthesis links three fatty acids to a glycerol molecule, forming a triglyceride. Hydrolysis separates fatty acids from glycerol.
126
saturated
All carbons of a saturated fatty acid are bonded to four other atoms.
SOILDS
127
unsaturated
An unsaturated fatty acid contains at least one double bond, so at least two carbons are only bonded to three other atoms
LIQUIDS
128
All Cells Have Features in Common
```
DNA
RNA
Ribosomes
Proteins
Cytosol
Cell membrane
```
129
Bacteria
Bacteria are prokaryotic. DNA is free in the cytoplasm
130
Cell membranes are composed of
molecules called phospholipids
131
phospholipid has two regions:
Hydrophilic head: polar bonds, which are attracted to water
| Hydrophobic tails: nonpolar bonds, which repel water
132
Besides phospholipids, cell membranes also contain
proteins
133
vesicles
The proteins exit the organelle in bubbles of membrane
134
lysosomes
where cellular digestion occurs.
135
central vacuoles
Cellular digestion occurs in large central vacuoles, which also help regulate the size and water balance of plant cells.
136
Peroxisomes
also aid in digestion. They originate at the ER and contain enzymes that break down toxic substances.
137
interact to secrete substances, such as milk proteins.
The nucleus, ER, and Golgi
138
cytoskeleton
```
is a network of protein tracks and tubules. It has several functions:
Structural support
Aids in cell division
Organelle transport
Cell movement
```
139
The cytoskeleton has three major components
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
140
Microtubules form the internal framework of
cilia and flagella.
141
Gap junctions
connecting animal cells are analogous to plasmodesmata
142
Tight junctions
fuse the membranes of adjacent animal cells together, preventing substances from flowing between the cells
143
Anchoring junctions
use intermediate filaments to hold cells together.
144
triglysceride
3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol long term
145
cholestroel
structure forms cell membrane and fluidty
146
amino acid
building block of protein and contains genetic information
147
cell membrane
dynamic barrier, selective, permeable, bi-layer of phsophlipids
148
4 parts of the nuclues
enveope
nucleois
pores
dna
149
flagellum
responsible for movemnet
150
centrioles
produce spindle fiber- move the dna around
151
cellulose
forms plant cell wall
152
starch
stores long term
