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General Biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the three types of observation

A

identify properties, patterns, and relationships of variables
descriptive, (5 senses), measurement, and record

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2
Q

observation shave to be-

A

reproducable

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3
Q

hypothesis

A

is a tentative, falsifiable explanation of an observation.

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4
Q

experiment

A

testing- identify the cause and effect relationship of variables

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5
Q

what are the steps to the scientific methods

A
  1. observation
  2. hypothesis
  3. prediction
  4. experiment
  5. analysis
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6
Q

Describe common characteristics living organisms and distinguish between living organisms and nonliving things

A
  1. life is organized
  2. homeostasis
  3. adapt
  4. energy use
  5. reproduce and develop (evolve)
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7
Q

Describe and provide examples of each level in the hierarchy of biological organization

A 
atom-
molecule-H2O
cell- hair
tissue- not living- skin, blood 
organ-heart
organ system- vascular system
organism-human
population- classroom
community- nccu
ecosystem- durham
biosphere
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8
Q

three domains

A

eukarya
bacteria
archea

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9
Q

eukarya kingdoms

A

protisits, plant, animals, and fungi

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10
Q

what do all eukarya kingdoms have

A

chromosomes, plasma membrane, ribosomes, and cytoplasm

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11
Q

bacteria cell type

A

prokaryotic

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12
Q

bacteria cell madeup

A

unicellular (asexual reproduction)

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13
Q

bacteria method of obtaining food

A

both consumer and producer (made of nutrients)

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14
Q

archea cell type

A

prokaryotic

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15
Q

archea cell make up

A

unicellular

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16
Q

eukarya cell type

A

eukaryotic

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17
Q

eukarya cell make up

A

multi cellular and unicellular

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18
Q

Kingdom anamilia: cell type, cell make up, method of obtaining energy and mode of reproduction

A

eukaryotic, multicellular, consumer, sexual

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19
Q

archea method of obtaining energy

A

consumer and producer

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20
Q

eukarya method of obtaining energy

A

consumer and producer

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21
Q

Kingdom protista cell type, cell make up, method of obtaining energy and mode of reproduction

A

most unicellular or multi cellular
autrophs and heterotrophs
consumers, producers and decomposers

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22
Q

kingdom fungi

A

eukaryote, multi cellular, decomposer, unicellular

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23
Q

kingdom plant

A

eukaryote, multi cellular, producer, asexual or sexual

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24
Q

hydrogen

A

inorganic molecule

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25
Q

sun

A

inorganic

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26
Q

taxonomy

A

classification system

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27
Q

what is an atom made up of

A

subatomic particles (protons, neutron, and electrons)

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28
Q

where are the protons located

A

nucleus

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29
Q

where are the electrons located

A

orbital shell

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30
Q

where are the neutrons located

A

nucleus

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31
Q

subatomic particles have three properties that give an atom

A
  1. weight
  2. chemical property
  3. reactivity
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32
Q

element

A

substance that cannot be broken down into a similar

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33
Q

matter

A

anything that has weight (mass) and takes up space

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34
Q

atom

A

smallest unit of matter

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35
Q

atoms are

A

neutral

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36
Q

valence

A

the outermost

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37
Q

electron distribution

A

2-8-8-8-8-8 (octet rule)

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38
Q

reactive

A

valence vacency

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39
Q

inert

A

no valence vacancy

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40
Q

reactive atoms

A

try to bond with another atom

try to not have any vacancies

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41
Q

covalent bond

A

becomes a charged atom

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42
Q

ionic bond

A

taking away electrons
The atom that loses an electron is positively charged; the atom that gains an electron is negatively charged. This charge difference attracts the atoms to each other, forming an ionic bond

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43
Q

gaining electrons

A

negative charge

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44
Q

loosing electrons

A

positive charge

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45
Q

what is organic and what is not organic

A

organic because it contains carbon

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46
Q

prediction

A

testable, flasifiable- focuses on the outcomes or results of a logical hypthesis

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47
Q

independent varibale

A

changes what you test

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48
Q

dependent variable

A

resopnds to the independent variable

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49
Q

control group

A

untreated group used for comparison

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50
Q

experimental group

A

the value of variables are based on comparison and correlation between 2 experimental groups

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51
Q

treatment groups

A

set of standard variables + independent variable

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52
Q

testing results

A

supported by hypothesis are accepted as tentative explanations
rejected hypothesis is reexamined changed or declared

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53
Q

main molecules

A

CHON- carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen

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54
Q

examples of molecules

A

water, protein, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids

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55
Q

photosynthesis

A

sun energy + CO2 (CARBON DIOXIDE) + H2O (WATER)=C6H12O6(GLUCOSE)+O2 (OXYGEN)

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56
Q

Rspiration

A

C6H12O6(GLUCOSE)+ O2 (OXYGEN)=CO2 (CARBON DIOXIDE)+H2O(WATER)+ATP

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57
Q

Energy from the sun will go in

A

one way or direction

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58
Q

homeostasis

A

constant stability- maintenance of c.s. in the internal envionment

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59
Q

adaptation

A

traits or characteristics that enhance survival and reproduce

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60
Q

what is the building block for all carbs

A

monosaccharide

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61
Q

monosaccarides

A

are the monomers of carbohydrates.

glucose, fructose, galactose

62
Q

disaccarides

A

composed of monosaccharide monomers

63
Q

examples of disaccarides

A

sucrose (table salt) lactose (milk sugar) maltose (malt sugar)

64
Q

what type of energy is mono, di, and ploy saccarides?

A

mono: short term
di: short term
poly: longterm

65
Q

polysaccarides

A 
aka complex carbsare 
long chains of carbohydrates. 
chitin- forms exoskeleton of insects
Cellulose: structure
Starch: energy
Glycogen: energ
66
Q

building block of disaccaride and polysaccaride

A

monosaccaride

67
Q

examples of polysaccaride

A

bread, beans, rice, and pasta

68
Q

Lipids

A

fats (hdrophobic)

69
Q

building block of lipids

A

fatty acids

70
Q

triclyceride

A

3 fatty acids

71
Q

phospholipids

A

2 fatty acids

make the membrane of the cell

72
Q

steroids

A

4 fused rings- form hormones and cholestrol

LIPI

73
Q

Proteins function

A

structure, movements, transport, storage and enzymes

74
Q

enzyme

A

is a catalyst- drives chemical reactions

75
Q

what is the building block of protien

A

amino acid

76
Q

primary structure

A

straight chain of amino acids

77
Q

secondary structure types

A

alpha helix and beta

78
Q

tertiary structure

A

includes secondary structure + random folds

79
Q

quartinary structure

A

made of sub units of tertiary structure

80
Q

building block of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

81
Q

what are the two sugars in nucleic acids

A

deoxyribose and ribose

82
Q

electronegativity

A

ability to attract electrons

83
Q

what is the chain of carbon

A

fatty acid

84
Q

where are simple carbs found?

A

milk, fruit and vegies

85
Q

emergent properties

A

properties that are added later on for an organism to adapt.

86
Q

how fast does bacteria eveolve

A

very quickly

87
Q

what kind of bacteria is most successful

A

anti-resistant

88
Q

Taxonomy

A

is the scientific study of naming and classifying organisms.

89
Q

Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea are prokaryotic and

A

unicellular

90
Q

how are eukaryotes and prokaryotes different for each other

A

Eukarytoes contain a cell membrane and nucleus

91
Q

standardized varible

A

held constant for all subjects

92
Q

statistical significance

A

the probability that the results arose purely by chance.

93
Q

Limitations to scientific inquiry include

A

Multiple interpretations
Misinterpretations of observations or results
Slow acceptance of unexpected conclusions
Limited to existing phenomena of the natural world

94
Q

thoery

A

is an explanation for a natural phenomenon, broader in scope than hypotheses and supported by a tremendous amount of research.

Like hypotheses, theories are potentially falsifiable.

95
Q

fatcs

A

are repeatable observations that everyone agrees on.

96
Q

proton

A

atomic number

97
Q

Electrons

A

surround the nucleus.

They are very small and move very fast.

98
Q

atomic number

A

indicates how many protons are in each atom of that element

99
Q

mass number

A

is the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.

100
Q

isotope

A

The number of neutrons may vary among atoms of the same element. An isotope is any of these different forms of an element.
has different mass number
Isotopes have different number of neutrons

101
Q

atomic weight

A

is the average mass of all isotopes of that element.

102
Q

Radioactive isotopes

A

unstable atoms which emit radioactive energy as they break down to stable forms.

103
Q

Compounds

A

are molecules of two or more elements.

104
Q

chemical bond

A

is an attractive force that holds atoms together. The chemical bond may be formed by donating, stealing, or sharing electrons of the valence shell.

105
Q

Cohesion

A

is the tendency of water molecules to stick to one another.

106
Q

Adhesion

A

is the tendency to form hydrogen bonds with substances other than water

107
Q

hydrophilic

A

(“water-loving”) solutes.

- Polar solutes
- Ions
108
Q

names of stuff that dissolves in water

A

In this example, the solute is salt, the solvent is water, and the resulting saltwater is the solution.

109
Q

hydrophobic

A

(“water-fearing”) solutes.

- Nonpolar molecules, such as fats

110
Q

chemical reaction

A

occurs when two or more molecules, exchange their atoms resulting in different molecules,

111
Q

reactants,

A

two or more molecules

112
Q

product

A

resulting in different molecules,

113
Q

pH scale

A

The pH scale is based on the amount of H+ in a solution.

114
Q

organic molecule

A

contains both carbon and hydrogen. Methane is a simple organic molecule.

115
Q

monomer

A

is a single unit of a carbohydrate, protein, or nucleic acid

116
Q

polymers

A

Monomers joined

117
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

an enzyme binds two monomers, releasing a water molecule

118
Q

Hydrolysis

A

is the reverse reaction of dehydration synthesis;

it breaks polymers into monomers

119
Q

what does Dehydration synthesis do in carbs?

A

binds two monosaccharides, forming a disaccharide.

120
Q

what does hydrolysis do in carbs?

A

separates disaccharides into monosaccharides.

121
Q

what does Dehydration synthesis do in proteins?

A

binds two amino acids, forming a dipeptide

122
Q

what does hydrolysis do in proteins?

A

separates dipeptides into amino acids.

123
Q

what does Dehydration synthesis do in nucleic acids

A

links two nucleotides.

124
Q

what does hydrolysis do in nucleic acids

A

separates nucleotides.

125
Q

what does Dehydration synthesis do in lipids and what does hydrolysis do?

A

Dehydration synthesis links three fatty acids to a glycerol molecule, forming a triglyceride. Hydrolysis separates fatty acids from glycerol.

126
Q

saturated

A

All carbons of a saturated fatty acid are bonded to four other atoms.
SOILDS

127
Q

unsaturated

A

An unsaturated fatty acid contains at least one double bond, so at least two carbons are only bonded to three other atoms
LIQUIDS

128
Q

All Cells Have Features in Common

A 
DNA
RNA
Ribosomes
Proteins
Cytosol
Cell membrane
129
Q

Bacteria

A

Bacteria are prokaryotic. DNA is free in the cytoplasm

130
Q

Cell membranes are composed of

A

molecules called phospholipids

131
Q

phospholipid has two regions:

A

Hydrophilic head: polar bonds, which are attracted to water

Hydrophobic tails: nonpolar bonds, which repel water

132
Q

Besides phospholipids, cell membranes also contain

A

proteins

133
Q

vesicles

A

The proteins exit the organelle in bubbles of membrane

134
Q

lysosomes

A

where cellular digestion occurs.

135
Q

central vacuoles

A

Cellular digestion occurs in large central vacuoles, which also help regulate the size and water balance of plant cells.

136
Q

Peroxisomes

A

also aid in digestion. They originate at the ER and contain enzymes that break down toxic substances.

137
Q

interact to secrete substances, such as milk proteins.

A

The nucleus, ER, and Golgi

138
Q

cytoskeleton

A 
is a network of protein tracks and tubules. It has several functions:
Structural support
Aids in cell division
Organelle transport
Cell movement
139
Q

The cytoskeleton has three major components

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

140
Q

Microtubules form the internal framework of

A

cilia and flagella.

141
Q

Gap junctions

A

connecting animal cells are analogous to plasmodesmata

142
Q

Tight junctions

A

fuse the membranes of adjacent animal cells together, preventing substances from flowing between the cells

143
Q

Anchoring junctions

A

use intermediate filaments to hold cells together.

144
Q

triglysceride

A

3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol long term

145
Q

cholestroel

A

structure forms cell membrane and fluidty

146
Q

amino acid

A

building block of protein and contains genetic information

147
Q

cell membrane

A

dynamic barrier, selective, permeable, bi-layer of phsophlipids

148
Q

4 parts of the nuclues

A

enveope
nucleois
pores
dna

149
Q

flagellum

A

responsible for movemnet

150
Q

centrioles

A

produce spindle fiber- move the dna around

151
Q

cellulose

A

forms plant cell wall

152
Q

starch

A

stores long term

General Biology (1 decks)

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