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Developmental Neurobiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the first step that happens to the egg once it gets fertilized?

A

it divides into four proportional eggs called blastomeres (no growth, just smaller cells)

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2
Q

What happens to blastomeres?

A

the four cells split into 32 cells called the morula

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3
Q

Can a single blastomere form a full embryo

A

yes

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4
Q

Can a single morula form a full embryo?

A

in morula, placement and adhesion matter more

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5
Q

what does the morula form?

A

forms a blastocyst, with a ring of cells, and inner cavity and an inner cell mass

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6
Q

what does the outer ectoderm of the blastula form?

A

the placenta, it is called the trophoblast

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7
Q

what does the inner cell mass form into?

A

the embryo

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8
Q

how does the blastocyst implant?

A

the trophoblast invades the uterus lining and creates vasculature. The placenta forms and the embryo begins growing inside the wall.

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9
Q

what happens to the inner cell mass after implantation?

A

movement and proliferation begin, creating 3 layers

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10
Q

what are the three layers the inner cell mass creates?

A

the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm

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11
Q

what cells can the endoderm form into?

A

pancreatic cells, lung cells, etc

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12
Q

what cells can the mesoderm form into?

A

muscles, tubules of the kidney, and RBC, etc

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13
Q

what cells can the ectoderm form into?

A

skin, neurons, and pigment

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14
Q

what is the developental organization of an embryo set up by?

A

the dorsal blastophore lip (DBL)

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15
Q

where is the dorsal blastophore lip located?

A

it is created on the opposite side of where the sperm entered the egg

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16
Q

how is ectoderm converted to neural ectoderm?

A

the DBL secretes Noggin, which blocks BMP secretion in the ectoderm. BMP is needed for ectoderm to become epithelium. Happens in concentration dependent manner (neuroendothelium mostly forms next to mesoderm)

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17
Q

What are the three steps to neural tube formation?

A

neural plate -> neural groove-> neural tube

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18
Q

what happens to the mesoderm under the neural tube?

A

becomes the notochord (used for signalling)

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19
Q

What can cells do to make the neural tube form?

A

cell crawling leading to lengthening of tissues. The extracellular matrix forms tracks, and provides anchorage. Cell adhesion molecules.

20
Q

How do cells form the circle that is the neural tube?

A

reorganization of microfilaments and tubules leads to triangle shape of cells with larger side facing out. Pushes into circle

21
Q

What sections does the neural tube originally form?

A

the proencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon, and the spinal cord

22
Q

what region of the brain will the proencephalon make?

A

the forebrain

23
Q

what region of the brain will the mesencephalon make?

A

the midbrain

24
Q

what region of the brain will the rhombencephalon make?

A

the hindbrain

25
Q

what are the sections in the 5 vesicle stage of neural tube morphogenesis?

A

the telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metacephalon (pons/medulla), and the myelincephalon *medulla)

26
Q

where is sonic hedgehog secreted from? where is it secreted into?

A

the mesoderm secretes sonic hedgehog into the floorplate of the neural tube

27
Q

what happens to sonic hedgehog? what does it do?

A

it diffuses into the neural tube from the floorplate in a concentration dependent manner. Cell differentiation is dependent on concentration.

28
Q

what does a decreased sonic hedgehog secretion lead to?

A

Vo interneurons

29
Q

what does an increased sonic hedgehog secretion lead to?

A

V3 and motor neurons

30
Q

Where is BMP secreted from? How does it work

A

BMP secreted from the roof plate, and also works concentration dependent but from the top down

31
Q

Where are rhombomeres located?

A

in the hindbrain

32
Q

what causes rhombomeres to form?

A

hox gene expression and types determine section of rhombomere, while EPH kinases and ephkins help keep seperation

33
Q

how do EPH kinases and ephkins work?

A

they are contact repulsive. They have alternating expression patterns in the rhombomeres, so adjacent rhombomeres have cells that repel.

34
Q

what kind of neurons are in R2? What Hox gene do they express?

A

trigeminal neurons, primarily expressing HOX2a

35
Q

what kind of neurons are in R4? What kind of Hox gene do they express?

A

facial motor neurons, expressing HOX2a and HoxB1

36
Q

what happens if you knockout Hoxb1 from R4?

A

neurons develop like those in R2

37
Q

what is the midbrain-hindbrain boundary (rhombic lip) determined by?

A

concentration gradients and transcription factors. Wnt gradients, dorsal expression of Lmx1a, middle expression of Math1, and ventral expression of Ngh1

38
Q

where are neural crest cells found?

A

the border of the neural tube and ectoderm

39
Q

what is interesting about neural crest cells?

A

they have pluripotency past normal cells. Can derive into melanocytes, dorsal root ganglia, schwann cells, symo. ganglia, etc.

40
Q

what was the original idea about how neural crest cells were formed?

A

they were originally ectoderm that reversed and transitioned back to progenitor

41
Q

What did the paper about neural stem cells suggest?

A

that these cells just maintain pluripotency past other cells. Never become ectoderm

42
Q

How did the paper about neural stem cells show this new pathway?

A

showed that they shared circuitry with pluripotent cells, and that Snail/Sox5 are needed.

43
Q

how did they show that neural crest cells share circuitry with pluripotent cells?

A

they show that Vent2 and ID3 stay on in neural crest cells like progenitors

44
Q

how did they show snail and sox5 were needed for expression of blastula pluripotency factors?

A

blocking expression of both -> down regulation of factors

Blockage stopped activin from working

45
Q

what is the role of activin?

A

it allows ectoderm to become mesoderm (low concentration) and possibly endoderm (high concentration)

46
Q

how was it determined that snail and sox5 were sufficient for pluripotency?

A

when added into already derived cells with the addition of activin -> change in cell differentiation. Later cells couldnt change with just activin, needed pax, zic1, snail, etc to work

47
Q

how was it shown that endogenous neural crest cells can form endoderm?

A

isolated neural plate border cells and added activin -> mesoderm

Developmental Neurobiology (2 decks)

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