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Soil Fertility and Management > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an essential element?

A

An element required for normal plant development

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2
Q

What is meant by a Macro-nutrient?

A

Nutrients needed in relatively large quantities

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3
Q

What is meant by a Micro-nutrient?

A

Nutrients needed in relatively small quanitities

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4
Q

What are the macro-nutrients? (6)

A 
N-Nitrogen
P-Phosphorous
K-Potassium  
Mg-Magnesium
S- Sulfur
Ca-Calcium
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5
Q

What are the micro-nutrients? (6)

A 
B-Boron
Cu- Copper
Fe- Iron
Ma- Manganese 
Mo- Molybdenum
Zn- Zinc
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6
Q

Compounds in which Nitrogen might be found?

A

Alfalfa
Clover
Manure
Soybeans (not removed)

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7
Q

How do plants respond to Nitrogen?

A

Dark green foliage
Higher protein content
Plants more succulent (more plump)

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8
Q

What might happen to the plant if it receives to much Nitrogen?

A

Weak stem (lodging)
Delayed flowering
Lower plant productivity quality

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9
Q

Quality reduction that might occur from to much Nitrogen.

A 
Low sugar content
Low vitamin content
Bad color
Reduced flower development
Nitrate poising
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10
Q

Where is the majority of nitrogen on the planet?

A

In the atmosphere

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11
Q

Why is atmospheric Nitrogen unusable by plants?

A

The nitrogen is bound in chemical bonds that prevent the plant from absorbing it. The nitrogen must be transformed by nitrification.

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12
Q

Indicate the relative balance of organic vs inorganic Nitrogen in the soil

A

organic (1-5%)

Inorganic (95-99%)

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13
Q

*What makes an Nitrogen atom organic vs an inorganic atom?

A

*

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14
Q

What is the primary form of Nitrogen plants use?

A

NO3- Best
NO- Good
NH3 Good

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15
Q

What are the four source from which plants get Nitrogen?

A

Biological Fixation
Climatic
Natural Fertilizers
Synthetic Fertilizers

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16
Q

*Discuss the four inorganic Nitrogen molecule transformations discussed in class?

A

*

17
Q

*Why are most organic Nitrogen molecules not usable by plants?

A

*because the atoms are bound together in an unavailable form

18
Q

What is Mineralization of Nitrogen?

A

is the change in chemical structure from N2 to NO3

19
Q

How is Nitrogen affected by decomposition of Organic Matter?

A

soil microbes need Nitrogen to break down organic matter the Carbon to Nitrogen ratio indicates the amount of nitrogen required to break down the material.

20
Q

What is the carbon to nitrogen ratio of most plants?

A

Greater than 30 to 1

21
Q

What is the final organic product of of the Organic Matter decomposition process?

A

Humus….C to N ratio of 10 to 1

22
Q

Change in soil NO3- and carbon during the decomposition process?

A

Om added soil microbes eat carbon goes up, population of microbes goes up food runs out and microbes die carbon goes down and nitrogen increases

23
Q

Name 3 ways by which producers can increase nitrogen in the soil?

A

Legumes
Organic Fertilizers
Synthetic Fertilizers

24
Q

What percentage of Nitrogen is added through legumes?

natural fertilizers ? synthetic fertilizers?

A

25% legumes
14% natural fertilizers
57% synthetic fertilizers

25
Q

What is the main reason why all of the Nitrogen fixed by legumes doesn’t always become available to plants?

A

*

26
Q

Discuss the agronomic and economic issues surrounding the use of legumes?

A

Price per acre is low, cash crops are more profitable per acre. agriculturally legumes are extremely beneficial

27
Q

What is the effect of adding Nitrogen to legumes?

A

legume bacteria stops working

28
Q

Describe the speed at which nitrogen is released by natural nitrogen fertilizers?

A

The process usually takes 4 to 8 weeks. depending on weather conditions.

29
Q

What factors determine the application rate of manure or sledge?

A

The source (ie chicken litter) and use

30
Q

How do these factors affected the rates of manure or sludge?

A

Amount of Nitrogen needed and phosphorous levels of soil

31
Q

Most synthetic fertilizers are derived from what primary fertilizer?

A

NH3 Anhydrous Ammonia

32
Q

Describe the Habor process and indicate why Nitrogen fertilizers prices are dependent on energy cost?

A

*

33
Q

Name 3 primary fertilizers and provide one fact about each?

A

Anhydrous Ammonia - Purest form, Gas
Urea- Pellet, Most common used in central Ky, acidify soil
Ammonia Nitrate- Heavily regulated acidify soils,

34
Q

Ammonia nitrogen fertilizer factors

A

acidify the soil
volatilize when not incorporated
can injure seedlings

35
Q

How does soil CEC affect NH4+ and NO3-?

A

determines how quickly Nitrogen changes form…NH4+ held longer NO3- not held.

36
Q

What is the overall nitrogen balance on cropland?

A

more is applied than used

37
Q

Consequences of over application of nitrogen?

A

nitrates in the water
Eutrophication (fish)
NO and N2O are pollutants

38
Q

What are some major causes for NO3- losses?

A

cafo- Confined Animal Feeding Operations
high intensity cropland
sandy soils

Soil Fertility and Management (1 decks)

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