Exam 1 :) Flashcards
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Emphasis on children and the basic goodness of the human nature
outcome:
environment either interferes or encourages
John Locke
born with blank space (empiricism) children are passive recipients of environmental environmental experiences
outcomes: individual differences due to experience
Human Development
Scientific study of age related changes in behavior, thinking, emotion, personality
Augustine Of Hippo
Humans are born selfish and must seek spiritual rebirth
Outcomes: individual struggles to overcome sin/immoral actions
Charles Darwin
First Organized study of human development
Evolution
Interplay of genetics and environmental adaption
Baby Biographies
detailed records of his own childrens early years
G. Stanley Hall
First scientific study of Child Development
Psychologist
emphasis on norms or average ages at which developmental milestones occur
coined the phrase storm and stress to refer to adolescence
Arnold Gesell
systematic description of children across domains, particularity in the first five years of life
maturation occurs naturally as a result of a genetically programmed sequence
used movie cameras, one way mirrors
The Lifespan perspective
important changes occur in each period of development
children and adults experience major life passages
increased longevity
Paul Bates
multi-contextual nature of development
plasticity and adaptability at all ages
interdisciplinary perspective and research
with age comes the need for strategies used to maximize gains and compensate for losses
Three domain categories
physical
cognitive
social
Physical Domain
change in size, shape, characteristics of body; change is how individuals sense and perceive the world
Cognitive Domain
change in thinking, memory, problem solving, and other intellectual skills; examination of individual differences among children and adults related to intradomain
Periods of development
prenatal-infancy-early childhood-middle childhood-adolescence- early adulthood-middle adulthood-late adulthood
Nature
inborn propensities; biological influences
inborn biases
Nurture
learning from environmental experiences
internal models of experience
Continuity
quantitative change in amount or degree
discontinuity
qualitative, step-like change
Three types of change (qualitative)
normative age-graded universal changes
normative history-graded changes
non-normative changes
Normative Age-graded universal changes
social clock or age norms
normative history-graded changes
cohort or generational effects
Non-normative changes
unique, unshared changes or individual differences
Vulnerability and resilience
vulnerabilities and protective factor interact with a child’s environment
environments cause differential effects
resilient children gain support from optimal environments
Gender
gender matters
it influences individual development
interaction between characteristics and environment influences and is influenced by gender
Origins of delinquency
poor discipline and poor monitoring non-compliant child negative behavior patterns established rejection by peers and school difficulty push toward delinquency
Individual differences related to timing
critical period sensitive period on-time events off-time events atypical development double whammy
The goals of developmental science
describe and explain development
predict developmental event
influence some developmental outcome
Case studies
in-depth examination of a single individual
By day 32, the ______________ and ______________ are developed
brain and heart
By day 50, __________ is developed
fingers
By 13 weeks, the ____________ is developed
hands
At 8 weeks, ___________ are in place and it is called a ________
organs, fetus
the #1 cause of miscarriage is……
genetics abnormalities
99% of ___________ die right away
sperm
Epidural is
pain medication
hands develop first because
babies use them first
The first trimester has the most….
risk
By 4 weeks,
the embryo is a grain of rice
By 8 weeks,
the embryo is the size of a walnut
Sigmund Freud
psychosexual theory
id ego superego
Psychosexual Development
Internal drives and emotions influence behavior and patients memories are used as a primary source material
sexual feelings are part of personality development
Freud proposed that hidden memories of traumatic childhood events are often..
hidden or repressed
memory researchers found that some adults who experience childhood abuse forget memories related to abuse just as Freud predicted
most people do retain traumatic memories; false memories may be created if the repressed memories are explored
specific training aids therapists to recall concrete evidence for memories.
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
1: Oral
2: Anal
3: Phallic
4: Latency
5: Genital
Oral
birth to one year
mouth, lips, tongue
weaning
oral behavior such as smoking and overeating, passivity and gullibility
Anal
1 to 3 years
anus
toilet training
orderliness, obstinacy or messiness, disorganization
Phallic
3 to 6 years
genitals
resolving oedipus/electra complex
vanity, recklessness, sexual dysfunction or deviancy
latency
6 to 12 years
none
developing defense mechanisms, identifying with the same-sex peers
none
Genital
12 years
genitals
achieving mature sexual intimacy
adults who have successfully integrated earlier stages should emerge with sincere interest in others and mature sexually
Psychosocial Theory by Erikson
development is influenced by common cultural demands and internal drives
each psychosocial stage is requires a resolution of a crisis
healthy development requires a favorable ratio of positive to negative experiences
the first four stages form the foundation for the adult personality
childhood-adulthood transition influential
adult stages are not strongly tied to age
Classical Conditioning
learning process that occurs through associations between environmental stimulus and naturally occurring stimulus
Reflex
stimulus-response connection
Learned: conditioned stimulus elicits
conditioned response
Trust vs Mistrust
birth to 1 year
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
1 to 3 years
Initiative vs. guilt
3 to 6 years
Industry vs. Inferiority
6 to 12 years
Identity vs role confusion
12 to 18 years
Intimacy vs Isolation
18 to 30 years
Generativity vs Stagnation
30 years to late adulthood
Integrity vs Despair
late adulthood
Operant Conditioning
deals with modification of voluntary behavior
behaviors dependent on reinforcement
Punishment doesn’t work and it leads to
fear
Genotype
genetic blueprint
Phenotype
observable characteristics
Polygenic Inheritance
many genes blend together to increase genetic outcomes seen in the phenotype
Genomic imprinting
Some genes biochemically marked at time ova and sperm develop
Mitochondrial inheritance
Genes in mitochondria
