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microbiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Father of microbiology

A

Louis Pasteur

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2
Q

Sugar fungus that makes beer

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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3
Q

Semmelweis

A

Hypothesized cadaver particles from hands of med. students causes puerperal fever; suggested HAND WASHING

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4
Q

Lister

A

Antiseptic

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5
Q

John snow

A

Infection control/epidemiology

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6
Q

Jenner

A

Smallpox vaccine/immunology

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7
Q

4 processes of life

A

Growth, reproduction, responsiveness, metabolism

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8
Q

Prokaryotes

A

No nucleus, no cell membrane, circular DNA, composed of bacteria and archaea only

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9
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Have nucleus, have internal membrane-bound organelles, linear DNA

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10
Q

External structure of bacterial cell

A

Glycocalyces

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11
Q

2 types of Glycocalyces

A

Slime layer, capsule

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12
Q

Gram +

A

Thick layer of peptidoglycan, contain teichoic acids, purple in stain

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13
Q

Gram + nomenclature

A

Ends in um or us

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14
Q

Gram + exceptions

A

Listeria
Nocardia
Actinomyces
Streptomyces

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15
Q

Gram -

A

Think peptidoglycan layer, bilayer containing LPS, saffron(magenta/red stain)

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16
Q

Inclusion

A

“Pantry” stored when nutrients are in abundance, used when nutrients are scarce

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17
Q

Endospores

A

Defensive strategy against unfavorable conditions; only produced by genus Bacillus and Clostridium

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18
Q

Prokaryote ribosomes

A

70s

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19
Q

Eukaryote ribosome

A

80s

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20
Q

Resolution

A

Shortest distance between two points on a specimen that can still be distinguished as 2 separate entities

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21
Q

Contrast

A

Difference in intensity between 2 objects; staining increases contrast

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22
Q

5 colors of simple stains

A 
Crystal violet
Safranin
Methylene blue
Malachite green
Carbon fuchsin
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23
Q

Gram stain

A

+ violet

- safranin

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24
Q

Acid-fast stain

A

Mycobacteria-carbol fuchsin

Counterstain- blue

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25
Q

Endospores stain

A

Endospores-green

Vegetative cells-magenta red

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26
Q

Gram - nomenclature

A

Ends in a or er

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27
Q

Gram - exceptions

A 
Pseudomonas
Proteus
Vibrio
Haemophilus
Bacteroides
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28
Q

Mycoplasma slide appearance

A

Fried egg

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29
Q

Linnaeus

A

System classified organisms based on characteristics in common

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30
Q

3 domains proposed by Carl Woese

A

Eukarya, bacteria, archaea

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31
Q

Eukaryotes (cellular)

A

Animals, plants, fungi, Protozoa, algae

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32
Q

Prokaryotes (cellular)

A

Bacteria, archaea

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33
Q

Acellular

A

Viruses

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34
Q

Colony

A

Aggregation of cells arising from a single parent cell

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35
Q

Biofilm

A

Collection of microbes in a complex community

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36
Q

Growth requirements

A 
Oxygen
Temperature -most important factor 
pH- 6-9 range; 7 most prefer 
Moisture 
Osmotic pressure 
Light-most pathogens killed by direct light 
Food
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37
Q

Psychrophilic

A

Prefer cold temps

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38
Q

Mesophilic

A

Prefer moderate temperatures

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39
Q

Hyper thermophilic

A

Prefer high temps

40
Q

Selective media

A

Contain substance that favor or inhibit the growth of particular organisms ex: sabouraud dextrose agar

41
Q

Differential media

A

Presence of visible changes in medium or differences in the appearance of colonies help differentiate organisms ex: blood agar

42
Q

Plasmids

A

Small molecules of extra-chromosomal DNA that replicate independently

43
Q

Fertility factors (f plasmid)

A

Carry instructions for conjugation

44
Q

Resistance factors (r plasmids)

A

Carry genes for resistance to antibodies

45
Q

Bacteriocin factors

A

Carry genes for toxins called bacteriocins- can kill competitors

46
Q

Virulence plasmids

A

Carry instructions that enable bacterium to become pathogenic

47
Q

Transformation

A

Recipient cell takes up DNA from environment. Occurs in only s few types of bacteria

48
Q

Competent cells

A

Cells that take up DNA during transformation

49
Q

Transduction

A

Transfer of DNA from one cell to another via a replicating virus

50
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Virus that attacks bacteria

51
Q

Conjugation

A

Transfer of DNA from one cell to another, mediated by conjugation pili

52
Q

Three methods of prokaryotic reproduction

A

Binary fission(most common)
Snapping division
Budding

53
Q

Protozoa

A

Lack cell wall
Require moist environment
Very few are pathogens
Most produce asexually

54
Q

Trophizoite

A

Motile feeding stage produced by all Protozoa

55
Q

Cyst

A

Hardy resting state produced by some Protozoa

56
Q

Contractile vacuoles

A

Protect cells from osmotic lysis by actively pumping water from cell

57
Q

Mycoses

A

Fungus causing disease

58
Q

Fungi

A

Produce antibiotics; 30% cause Mycoses

59
Q

Thallus

A

Non reproductive body of fungi

60
Q

Hyphae

A

Long, branched, tubular filament composing the thalli of molds

61
Q

Dimorphic

A

Fungi producing 2 types of thalli

62
Q

Mycelium

A

Tangled mass of hyphae; typically subterranean

63
Q

Reproduction in fungi

A

All have some means of asexual reproduction; most reproduce sexually;

64
Q

Study of entities too small to be seen with the unaided human eye

A

Microbiology

65
Q

Virion

A

Virus in an extracellular state

66
Q

Capsid

A

Protein coat providing protection and means of attachment to host’s cell

67
Q

Complex viral shape

A

Capsid of many shapes

68
Q

Polyhedral

A

Geodesic dome

69
Q

Helical

A

Spiral

70
Q

The viral envelope

A

Acquired from host cell
Viral glycoproteins called spikes
Provides protection

71
Q

Classification of viruses

A

Classified by type of nucleic acid, presence of envelope, shape and size

72
Q

Stages of lytic replication cycle

A

Attachment, entry, synthesis, assembly, release

73
Q

Latent viruses/proviruses

A

Viruses dormant in an animal cell

74
Q

Campylobacter jejuni

A

Raw and undercooked meats- most common cause of diarrhea of all foodborne agents

75
Q

Clostridium botulinum

A

Produced neurotoxins

76
Q

Taxoplasma Gondi

A

Protozoan; toxoplasmosis in adult; abortion, epilepsy, microcephaly in fetus

77
Q

Treponema pallium

A

Bacteria, syphilis in adult; abortion, multi organ birth defects or syphilis in fetus

78
Q

Listeria momocytogenes

A

Bacteria; Listeriosis in adult; granulomatosis infantiseptica in fetus

79
Q

Cytomegalovirus

A

DNA virus; Asymptomatic in adults; microcephaly,deafness in fetus

80
Q

Parvovirus b19

A

DNA virus, erythema infection in adult; abortion to fetus

81
Q

Lentivirus (hiv)

A

RNA virus; aids in adults; aids in fetus

82
Q

Rubivirus

A

RNA virus; German measles in adults; severe birth defect in fetus

83
Q

Phenol and phenolics

A

Intermediate to low level disinfectant examples: Lysol, pine-sol

84
Q

Alcohol

A

Intermediate level disinfectant

Example: rubbing alcohol or ethanol

85
Q

Halogens

A

Intermediate level antimicrobial hemicals

Example: bleach, chlorine, iodophores

86
Q

Oxidizing agents

A

High level disinfect

Example: peroxides

87
Q

Surfactants

A

Soaps or detergents

88
Q

Heavy metals

A

Low level

1% silver nitrate prevent blindness by N. Gonorrhoeae

89
Q

Thimerosal

A

Vaccine preservative; replaced in 1999 because of mercury

90
Q

Aldehydes

A

Glutaraldehyde- used in hospitals, disinfects and sterilizes

Formalin- used in embalming and disinfection of rooms

91
Q

Gaseous agents

A

Ethylene oxide used in hospitals and dental offices.

Disadvantages include hazardous to people, highly explosive

92
Q

Enzymes

A

Lysozyme used to reduce bacteria in cheese

Prionzyme can remove prions on medical equipment

93
Q

Antimicrobials

A

Typically used for treatment of disease

94
Q

Biosafety level 1

A

Do not cause disease

95
Q

Biosafety level 2

A

Moderately hazardous

96
Q

Biosafety level 3

A

Safety cabinets, serious or potentially lethal after inhalation

97
Q

Biosafety level 4

A

Severe or fatal disease

microbiology (4 decks)

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