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Psych 101 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Wundt

A
  • campaigned to make psych an independent discipline

- established first psych lab in 1879

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2
Q

birth of psychology

A

occured with the establishment of first psych lab in 1879

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3
Q

Edward Titchener

A

developed structuralism

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4
Q

structuralism

A

analyze consciousness into basic elements

belief that consciousness can be broken down into basic units

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5
Q

introspection

A

careful systematic observations of one’s own conscious experience

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6
Q

issues with structuralism

A

nothing is actually isolated in consciousness

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7
Q

William James

A

functionalism

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8
Q

functionalism

A

investigate function of consciousness
led to mental testing, developmental patterns etc
coined “stream of consciousness”

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9
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

founded psychoanalytic school of thought

emphasized unconscious processes that influenced behavior

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10
Q

the unconscious (according to freud)

A

what is outside of awareness

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11
Q

Freud’s ideas

A
  • behavior influenced by unconscious

- unconscious conflict related to sexuality plays role in behvior

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12
Q

John B Watson

A

founder of behaviorism

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13
Q

behaviorists say psych is ___

A

scientific study of behavior and that behavior is overt of observable responses/activites

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14
Q

behaviorism

A

study of behavior
behaviorists say that the unconscious is unstudyable
study of consciousness was abandoned

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15
Q

Behaviorism: nature or nurture?

A

NURTURE

behaviorist school of thought emphasizes environment (nurture)

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16
Q

B.F. Skinner

A 
follower of Watson's 
believes in nurture not nature
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
free will is an illusion
consciousness=black box; not a science
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17
Q

Rise of Humanism

A

1950’s started with the opposition to Pyschoanalytic Theory and Behaviorism because of their “dehumanizing” nature

led by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

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18
Q

Humanism

A

led by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

  • optimistic
  • emphasized unique qualities of humans-freedom and personal growth
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19
Q

applied psych

A

how people percieve things in the natural world

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20
Q

clinical psych

A

diagnosing psychpathology

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21
Q

importance of WWII

A

when vets came back they go clinical psych and continued to want therapy–> psych receives institutional support

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22
Q

cognition

A

mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge

application of scientific methods to studying internal mental events

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23
Q

cognitive revolution

A

50s and 60s

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24
Q

when did cognition surpass behavior studies

A

1975ish

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25
Q

biological perspective

A

behavior explained in terms of physiological processes

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26
Q

ethocentrism

A

viewing one’s own group as superior and as the standard for judging

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27
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

human adaptations–premise that natural selection occurs for behaviors as well as physical characteristics

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28
Q

Buss, Daly & WIlson, Cosmides and Tooby

A

1980’s-1990’s
Studied natural selection of mating preferences, jealousy, aggression, sexual behavior, language, decision making, personality, and development

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29
Q

Martin Seligman

A

positive psychology (idea came from Seligman’s epiphany w/ daughter saying he’s always grumpy)

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30
Q

positive psychology

A

Seligman
humanism revisited
supposed to come to an understanding the positive, creative and fulfilling parts of human experience

talks about flow (something you really enjoy so the time flies)

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31
Q

define psychology today

A

science that studies behavior and mental processes; profession that applies this knowledge to practical problems

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32
Q

psychology as a field (today) is…

A

empirical (based on controlled testing/observation)
theoretically diverse
evolves in sociohistorical context

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33
Q

psychology today-behavior is…

A

determined by multiple causes
shaped by cultural heritage
influenced by nurture and nature

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34
Q

looking for psych laws-assumption in this is…

A

events ar governed by some lawful order and that there is order to behavior

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35
Q

goals of scientific approach to behavior

A

1-measurement and desription
2-understanding and prediction (of behavior)
3- application and control

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36
Q

steps of scientific investigation

A

1-formulate testable hypothesis
2-select research method and design the study
3-collect data
4-analyze the data and draw conclustions
5-report the findings (absolutely crucial)

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37
Q

experimental research

A

looks for causes

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38
Q

experiment

A

manipulation of one variable under controlled conditions so that resulting changes in another variable can be observed

variables are isolated

detection of cause-effect relationship

39
Q

independent variable

A

variable manipulated (x)

40
Q

dependent variable

A

(y) variable affected by manipulation of the IV

41
Q

experimental group

A

subjects who get the “treatment”

42
Q

control group

A

subjects who do not get treatment

random assignment
IV is manipulated for one group only

43
Q

how to reduce extraneous variables

A

expose a single group to two different conditions-extraneous variables gone because it’s the same people under each condition

44
Q

strengths of experimental research

A

conclusions about cause and effect relationships can be drawn

can create wider variety of scenarios

can replicate the study

45
Q

weaknesses of experimental research

A

artificial

people know they’re being studied

ethical and practical issues

46
Q

concept of correlation

A

gives a direction of the relationship

strength of relationship (w correlation coefficient)

allows for prediction but not causation

47
Q

positive correlation

A

high scores on x associated with high scores on y and low scores on x associated with low scores on y

48
Q

negative correlation

A

high associated with low and low associtated with high

49
Q

when to use descriptive methods

A

methods used when a researcher cannot manipulate the variable under study

50
Q

what are the descriptive methods

A

naturalistic observation
case studies
surveys

51
Q

benefits of descriptive methods

A

allows researchers to describe patterns of behavior and eiscover links/associations but CANNOT IMPLY CAUSATION

52
Q

sampling bias

A

when sample isn’t representative of poplulation of interest

53
Q

placebo effects

A

anticipation of result—> result in subject ex:sugar pill

54
Q

social desirability bias

A

the tendency to report self as more socially desirable

55
Q

response set

A

distortion exhibitted when subject consistently answers the same response in a survey ex:going down survey and answering purely “a” or “yes”

56
Q

experimenter bias

A

the expectation of the experimenter can skew the data

57
Q

double blind solution

A

neither the experimenter nor the subject knows who is recieving the treatment-limits experment bias

58
Q

single-blind

A

subjects don’t know whether they are in the experimental or control group

59
Q

ethics of deception

A

allowed to lie if potentiaal findings outweigh the cost of deception

subjects must be debriefed as soon as possible

60
Q

ethics of animal research

A

can’t use animals if it will not further knowledge/add to existing psych research

61
Q

American Psychological Association

A

APA ensures human and animal subjects are treated with dignity

62
Q

perception

A

the sorting out, interpretation, analysis and integration of stimuli involving sense organs and brain

63
Q

sensation

A

the process by which our sense organs receive info from the environment

64
Q

psychophysics

A

study of the relationship between the physical aspects of stimuli and our psychological experience of them

65
Q

stimulus

A

energy that produces a response in a sense organ

varies in type and intensity

66
Q

absolute threshold

A

the smallest INTENSITY of a stimulus that must be present for it to be detected

67
Q

noise

A

background stimulation that interferes with the perception of other stimuli

68
Q

Weber’s law

A

law of psychophysics that states a “just noticeable difference” is constant proportion of the intensity of the initial stimulus

69
Q

just noticeable difference

A

the smallest level of stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation has occured

70
Q

sensory adaptation

A

an adjustment in sensory capacity following prolonged exposure to stimuli

71
Q

rods

A

thin cylindrical receptor cells that are highly sensitive to light

72
Q

cones

A

light-sensitive receptor cells responsible for sharp focus and color perception particularly in bright light

73
Q

opponent-process theory of color vision

A

proposes that receptor cells are linked in pairs working in opposition to eachother
ex: after looking at something colorful for a while, when you look at a plain white background you will see the complimentary colors of that image

74
Q

olfaction

A

can detect more that 10,000 different smells
can identify gender by smell
can evoke memories

75
Q

taste

A

gustation
you taste with your taste buds (on tongue and throat and mouth)
there are “supertasters” and “nontasters”

76
Q

basic tastes

A

bitter
sour
salty
sweet/fatty

77
Q

skin senses

A

touch, pressure, temperature and pain

78
Q

gate-control theory of pain

A

pathways to pain open and close- often don’t at first experience pain, then the gate opens.

nerver reeceptors in the spinal cord lead to specific areas of the brain and are related to pain

79
Q

gestalt laws of organization

A

whole different that the sum of the parts

figure and ground-
figure is the object being perceived and ground is the background or space within the object

figure and ground can have changing perceptions without the stimulus changing ex: chalice/faces in profile

80
Q

figure-ground gestalt principle

A

ground always seen as farther away than the figure

81
Q

proximity gestalt principle

A

objects that are physically close together are grouped together

82
Q

continuity gestalt principle

A

objects that continue a pattern are grouped together

83
Q

closure gestalt principle

A

the tendency to see a finished unit from an incomplete stimulus

84
Q

similarity gestalt principle

A

things that are simliar are perceived as going together

85
Q

feature analysis

A

an approach that considers how we perceive a shape, patter, object or scene by reacting first to the individual elements that make it up

we break down what we’re seeing and see the image as parts put together

86
Q

perceptual constancy

A

phenomena in which objects are percieved as unvarying/consistent despite changes (ex person walking toward you, you don’t think he/she is physically getting larger)

87
Q

top-down processing

A

perception guided by higher-level knowledge, experience, expectations and motivations (ex: experienced readers can understand highly misspelled paragraphs)

88
Q

bottom-up processing

A

perception that consists of recognizing and processing info about individual components of the stimuli (ex: learning the letters to learn to read)

89
Q

depth perception

A

ability to perceive 3d space and accurately judge distance

90
Q

binocular disparity

A

ability of brain to integrate 2 images from the eyes into 1 composite view

91
Q

monocular cues

A

cues that allow us to obtain a sense of depth and distance with just 1 eye

92
Q

subliminal perception

A

perception of messages about which we have no awareness

93
Q

extrasensory perception

A

the ability to go beyond one’s 5 senses

seeing ghosts/hearing voices

Psych 101 (3 decks)

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