Put boiled nutrient broth into covered flask. - Nutrient broth heated, then placed in sealed flask had microbial growth. - Heated flasks were transported outside before sealed in a lab.

Exam 1 Flashcards by Brittany Bercot

Robert Hooke

All living things are composed of little boxes or cells.

Cell Theory

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Rudolf Virchow

Cells arise from preexisting cells.

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Cell Theory

All living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells.

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Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

Microscope

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Francisco Redi

Filled jars with decaying meat. Jars covered in fine net had no maggots. Jars open had maggots.
Where did the maggots come from?

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John Needham

Put boiled nutrient broth into covered flask.

Nutrient broth heated, then placed in sealed flask had microbial growth.
Heated flasks were transported outside before sealed in a lab.

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Lazzaro Spallanzani

Boiled nutrient solutions in flasks.

-Heated in flask then sealed had no microbial growth.

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Louis Pasteur

Demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air.

-Relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs.

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Fermentation

Conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine.

-Bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid spoil wine by turning it into vinegar.

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Pasteurization

Application of high heat for a short time.

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Ignaz Semmelwise

Advocated hand washing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB pt to another.

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Joseph Lister

Phenol solutions kill bacteria in surgery.

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Robert Koch

Proved bacteria can cause disease.

-Anthrax was killing cattle.

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Edward Jenner

First person to use vaccination.

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Paul Ehrlich

Developed first synthetic arsenic drug to treat syphilis.

-Salvarsan

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Alexander Fleming

Discovered first antibiotic.

-Penicillin

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Rebecca Lancefield

The use of immunology to identify some bacteria according to serotypes (variants within a species).

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George Beadle & Edward Tatum

Genes encode a cell’s enzymes.

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Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty

DNA was the hereditary material.

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Francois Jacob & Jacques Monod

Discovered the role of mRNA in protein synthesis.

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How are organisms written?

Are italicized or underlined.
Are “Latinized” and used worldwide.
Genus: first name and always capitalized.
Species: Follows and is not capitalized.

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Why is Archaea no longer a bacteria?

They lack peptidoglycan.

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Spontaneous Generation

The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter is called spontaneous generation.
-According to spontaneous generation, a “vital force” forms life.

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Biogenesis

Living organisms arise from preexisting life.

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Experiments that lead to biogenesis.

- Jars covered with fine net vs. open jars with maggots. | - Bioled nutrient broth into covered flask (variables were not controlled)

Virus Fun Fact

Viruses are replicated ONLY when they are in a living host cell.

Microscope Types

- Phase-contrast microscopes - DIC (differential interference contrast) - Fluorescence Microscopes - Electron Microscope - Scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) - Compound

Compound Microscope

Has a series of lenses and uses visible light as its source of illumination. -2 Magnifying lenses

Resolution

The ability of the lenses to distinguish fine detail and structure -you can see distinctly TWO different objects. (!!!!)

Oil Immersion

Preserves the direction of the lights rays at the highest magnification.

Very detailed as far as things on the internal structures of living microorganisms.

Phase-contrast microscopes

Gives very brightly colored images and has almost a 3D image look.

DIC (differential interference contrast) microscope

The ability of substances to absorb short wavelengths of light and give off light at a longer wavelength. (Hit with UV light)

Fluorescence Microscope

Have a much better resolution and are much more precise than compound microscopes. They use a beam of electrons rather than a beam of light. -Images are black and white.

Electron Microscope.

Consists of interpreting the action of a sound wave sent through a specimen. So a sound wave of specific frequency travels through the specimen, and a portion of it is reflected back every time it hits a interface within the material.

Scanning acoustic microscope (SAM)

- Very important in the medical field. - Detect cells that grow on top of things like tissue (tumors or cancer). - Detects by sound waves.

Scanning Acoustic Microscope (SAM)

Colorizing the microorganisms with dye that emphasizes certain structures.

Staining.

We will use heat to fixate using the benson burner to fixate the microbes which is called...

Heat Fixation.

Identifies bacteria as either gram-negative or gram-positive.

Gram Stain

Primary stain that is used on a gram stain.

Crystal Violet

A substance that we use in order to make a stain latch on better. Iodine.

Mordant.

Removes the purple from the cells of gram-negatives. (Alcohol or acetone)

Decolorizer

A contrasting color to the primary stain. (Safarnin)

Counter stains.

Exception to gram stains

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Cocci/coccus

round or circular

bacillus

rod shaped

coocbacillus

oval shape

spirochete

squiggly line

Cannot be seen without negative staining

Capsules

A resting period for some bacteria that are extreme resistant.

Endospores

Stain used to penetrate Endospores

Malachite green.

Looks like cells with one huge cell.

bacillus endospores

Looks like a lollipop or sperm

clostridium endospores.

Monotrichous

1 tail

Amphitrichous

1 tail at each end

Lophotrichous

2 tails at each end

Peritrichous

multiple tails.

Bacteria move in one direction for a length of time.

Run

Interruption in the the run by a very random change in direction.

Tumble

- Move toward or away from stimuli | - Receptors on the cell wall.

Taxis

- Anchored at one end of a cell - Rotation causes cell to move - Move like a corkscrew

Endoflagella

Used to transfer DNA from one cell to another

Pili

The transfer of genetic material from one cell to another

Conjugation

- Responsible for cell shape - Prevents osmotic lysis - Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria) - Site of some antibiotic action

Cell Wall

Contains 2 pairs of rings - Outer pair of rings is anchored to various portions of the cell wall - Inner pair of rings is anchored to the plasma membrane

Gram negative Basal body

Only has the inner ring present

Gram positive Basal Body

- One circular chromosome, not in a membrane - No histones - No organelles - Peptidoglycan complex cell walls - Divide by binary fission

Prokaryote

- Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane - Histones - Organelles - Polysaccharide chemical simple cell walls - Divide my Mitosis

Eukaryote

- Thich peptidoglycan - Teichoic acids - In acid-fast cells, contains mycelia acid

Gram-Positive Cell walls

- Thin peptidoglycan - No teichoic acids - Outer Membrane

Gram-Negative Cell Walls

- Smallest known bacteria - Lack cell walls - Sterols in plasma membrane

Mycoplasmas (Walking pneumonia)

- Wall-less | - Walls of pseudomurein

Archaea

- Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules - Breakdown enzymes for ATP production - Photosynthetic pigments on foldings

Plasma Membrane

Movement of solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Passive Diffusion; Simple diffusion

Solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane.

Passive Diffusion; Facilitative Diffusion

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water

Osmosis

The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane

Osmotic pressure

No net movement of water

Isotonic Solution

Water moves into the cell an may cause the cell to burst if the wall is weak or damaged (osmotic lysis)

Hypotonic Solution

Water moves out of the cell, causing its cytoplasm to shrink (plasmolysis)

Hypertonic Solution

- Requires a transporter protein and ATP | - Structure is not altered

Active Transport

- Requires a transporter protein and phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP) - The substance is chemically altered inside the cell so that the plasma membrane is impermeable to it and it must remain inside the cell.

Group Translocation

- Prokaryotes secrete on surface - Usually sticky - Made inside cell and recreated to the cell surface

Glycocalyx

If it is organized and fairly attached to the cell wall

- Capsule - Seen by negative staining - Prevent phagocyctosis

If it is unorganized and loose

Slime Layer

Site of protein synthesis

Ribosomes

Prokaryote ribosomes - Small 30S with one molecule of rRNA - Large 50S with two molecules of rRNA - Several antibiotics inhibit these ribosomal subunits

70S Ribosomes

Eukaryotic ribosomes - Large 60S (3 rRNA) - Smaller 40S (1 rRNA)

80S Ribosomes

- Larger bacterial cells lost their cell walls and engulfed in smaller bacterial cells - Organisms live within another

Endosymbiotic Theory

- Molecules are oxidized | - Final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule

Cellular Respiration

Final electron is O2

Aerobic

Final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule

Anaerobic

Stops the cell from wasting chemical resources by making more of a substance than it needs -Assembly Line

Feedback inhibition

- The energy-releasing processes - Breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones - Hydrolytic reactions

Catabolism

- The energy-using processes - Building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones - Dehydration reactions

Anabolism

Yellow result in Fermentation Test

Fermentation Occurred