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clinical pathology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What cells are measured in the PCV?

A

PCV= packed cell volume.

Measures the volume of red blood cells by packing it with cetrifugation.

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2
Q

What is the difference between hematocrit and PVC ?

A

They both measure the same thing but PCV is by physically packing the cells and measuring and hematocrit is done via machine and a formula (MCV x RBC)/10

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3
Q

What types of cells are included in the buffy coat?

A

leukocytes, nucleated RBC’s and platelets

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4
Q

T/F: a thick buffy coat indicates RBC regeneration (lots of reticulocytes)

A

FALSE

a thick buffy coat is indicative of an inflammatory response

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5
Q

Plasma can be yellow, white/opaque and red. Indicate what each color means

A

Yellow- icterus (high bilirubin in the blood)

White/opaque- lipemia (chylomicrons) due to postprandial collection (post meal)

Red- hemoglobinemia

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6
Q

What are 2 causes of red plasma and how can you tell the difference?

A

in vivo-hemolytic anemia causing the intravascular lysis of RBC’s

in vitro- technique or presence of lipemia

Hemolytic anemia is indicated with red plasma and low PCV

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7
Q

T/F: Lipemia causes RBC lysis

A

True

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8
Q

T/F: Refractometry of the plasma gives and EXACT measurement of plasma protein

A

FALSE it is an ESTIMATE.

Remember there are other solutes in plasma such as glucose, urea, lipemia and cholesterol

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9
Q

T/F: Total leukocyte concentration is a measurement of WBC’s

A

FALSE

it is actually the total of all nucleated cells. (segmented and band neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, nucleated RBC’s

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10
Q

T/F: total leukocyte concentration is a clinically important value

A

FALSE

By itself it has little relevance but it used to determine the concentration of a specific thype of nucleated cell after performing the differential nucleated cell count

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11
Q

T/F: 6-10 platelets per oil immersion field is normal

A

True

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12
Q

If platelets seem decreased what part of the blood smear do you look to verify?

A

The feathered edge. sometimes platelets clump there. It is the area where larger cells are found

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13
Q

What is a con to using automated instrumentation when analyzing a blood sample?

A

the machine never recognizes band neutrophils from segmented (increased band cells are indicator of infection) and it can include neoplastic cells

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14
Q

T/F: normal hemoglobin concentration is 1/3 of the PCV

A

True

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15
Q

The MCHC is indicative of what?

A

Mean cell hemoglobin concentration [(GB/PCV) x 100)] when low is indicative of iron deficiency and regenerative anemia (presence of reticulocytes that are still making hemoglobin)

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16
Q

T/F: a high MCHC is clinically important

A

FALSE

high MCHC is due to erroneously high hemoglobin due to hemolysis, lipemia or the presence of Heinz bodies

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17
Q

T/F MCHC of 32-36 g/dL is normal for all animals

A

FALSE

normal for camelids is 41-45 g/dL

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18
Q

Match the species with the appropriate mean cell volume (RBC size)

sheep, llama, goat, horses, cats, dogs, cows

15-25 fl
21-29 fl
25-35 fl
39-52 fl
60-72 fl
A 
dogs- 60-72 fl
cats, horses, cows- 39-52 fl
sheep- 25-35 fl
llama- 21-29 fl
goat- 15-25 fl
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19
Q

what are reticulocytes? how are they determined on a slide?

A

Reticulocytes are immature RBC’s that have residual organelles that aggregate

They are polychromatic with Wrights stain but New methylene blue and brilliant cresyl blue are used to differentiate (organelles stain blue)

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20
Q

T/F: all animals release reticulocytes

A

FALSE

horses do not release reticulocytes in blood. (Mr. T: I pity the fool who orders a reticulocyte count on a horse)

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21
Q

T/F: the range for normal reticulocyte count is the same in dogs and cats

A

FALSE

dogs are 0-60,000
Cats are 0-40,000

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22
Q

what are the reticulocyte count ranges for non-regenerative anemia, poorly regenerative anemia, mild to moderate regeneration and maximal regeneration?

A

non-regenerative anemia- 0-10,000
poorly regenerative anemia-10,000-60,000
mild to moderate regeneration- 60,000-200,000
maximal regeneration- >200,000

23
Q

T/F: cat reticulocytes take 12 days to become mature RBC’s meanwhile in dogs it takes 24-48 hours

A

True

24
Q

Which type of anemia causes a high MCV and big RBC’s?

A

macrocytic anemia

25
Q

Describe what cells look like in microcytic anemia

A

smaller and more palor in the center

26
Q

what is the doctor term for erythrocyte color and what does it indicate?

A

chromasia

polychromasia- indicated that bone marrow is working to produce young RBC’s (reticulocytes). Bone marrow is stimulates by hemolysis or blood loss

Hypochromasia- lacks hemoglobin and is suggestive of iron deficiency anemia. (do not confuse with punched out/bowl shaped RBC’s)

27
Q

Name the 3 types of spiculated RBC’s

A

Echinocytes, keratocytes, acanthocytes

28
Q

what are the differences in appearance of the spiculated RBC’s

A

Echinocytes- numerous short spicules uniform in shape and size
keratocytes- 2 long spicules formed by breaking open of blisters (purse cell) or membrane segment without blister (apple-stem cell)
acanthocytes- few unevenly distributed projections

29
Q

Echinocytes are caused by and indicative of what?

A

crenation, electrolyte imbalance, non-specific disease, rattle snake venom

in vitro caused by crenation (slow drying of blood film causing pH changes) use hair blower to avoid
in vivo indicative of electrolyte imbalance (calves with serious diarrhea), non-specific disease and rattle snake envenomation (type 3 echinocytes, not seen in horses or cows)

30
Q

keratocytes are caused by and indicative of what?

A

iron deficiency anemia

cats have poor central palor

31
Q

acanthocytes are caused by and indicative of what?

A

caused by increased lipid concentrations in the RBC membrane. indicative of hemangiosarcoma in dogs and cats with hepatic lipidosis

32
Q

what other cells usually accompany keratocytes?

A

macroplatelets are present because of increased production and early release. (chronic anemia–>high levels of EPO–> can cause thrombocytosis)

33
Q

what are fragmented RBC’s called and what causes them?

A

schistocytes are caused by intravascular trauma (DIC, vasculor tumors) and iron deficiency anemia

34
Q

what two cell types are present in iron deficiency anemia?

A

schostocytes and keratocytes

35
Q

T/F: spherocytes are normally found in blood

A

True but normal only when it is 1 in 20 fields (old RBC’s)

36
Q

when round RBC’s with a lack of central palor are prominent in blood what does it indicate?

A

IMHA- complement punctures a hole in the RBC and it loses its shape. It can also be found in clusters when they are agglutinated by IgM

37
Q

what is the difference betwen intravascular and extravascular hemolysis?

A

intravascular is the punching of holes in the RBC membrane

extravascular is phagocitized by macrophages

38
Q

cells that has hemoglobin pushed to one side with an intact membrane are called______.

A

eccenterocytes- have a clear zone outlined bu membrane.

39
Q

Eccenterocytes are caused by eating what?

commonly in conjunction with which structure?

A

dogs eating onions. component in onion causes oxidative damage to RBC’s

Heinz bodies

40
Q

what are the doctor terms for target shaped, blow/punched out shaped and folded RBC’s?

A

target shaped-codocytes
blow/punched out shaped- torocytes
folded RBC’s- leptocytes

41
Q

RBC’s with a mouth like (slot) clear center are called ___ and indicative of ___

A

somatocytes and when prominent are indicative of disease

42
Q

Stomacytes are hereditary in which 3 breeds of dogs?

A

Alaskan malamutes

miniture schnauzers and Drentse partrijshond

43
Q

stomacytes are common in which type of alaskan malamute?

A

dwarf

44
Q

Stomatocytes are indicative of what in Drentse partrijshonds?

A

GI disorders

45
Q

What are Heinz bodies?

A

Oxidatively denatured Hb

46
Q

what are things that cause heinz bodies in cats?

A

Acetominophen prolylene glycol and illness in cats (lymphoma, hyperthyroidism and diabetes [ketones])

47
Q

what causes heinz bodies in species other than cats? and which species?

A

Onions- all species
cephalosporins- dogs
zinc toxicosis (penny ingestion
wilter red maple leaves, phenithiazine- horses
kale and onions- cows
copper toxicosis- sheep (usually seen in transport (stress)

48
Q

what is basophilic stippling?

A

abnormal aggregation of ribosomes that appear as basophilic granules

49
Q

T/F: Basophilic stipplin is NORMAL in cattle

A

True

50
Q

Which poisoning is indicated by basophilic stippling?

A

Lead poisoning, accompanied by neuro and GI signs

51
Q

What are Howell Jolly bodies?

A

pieces of nuclear reminences

52
Q

when are nucleated RBCs normally seen?

A

regenerative anemia, non-functioning slpeens (lymphosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma) and increased corticosteri=oids (reduce macrophage function

53
Q

T/F: if nucleated RBC’s are present, we suspect lead poisoning

A

True only if nucleated RBC’s are out of proportion with the level of anemia

clinical pathology (1 decks)

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