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Veterinary Public Health and epidemiology > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 parts of disease transmission?

A

interaction between the host, agent and environment

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2
Q

who is the father of epidemiology and what disease did he focus on?

A

John Snow- cholera

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3
Q

Typhoid Mary is an example of what type of host?

A

asymptomatic carrier

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4
Q

Who discovered the use of mosquitoes as vectors?

A

Ronald ross- malaria

Walter Reed- yellow fever

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5
Q

T/F knowing the agent is more important than knowing the mode of transmission

A

FALSE

knowing the mode of transmission is more important than knowing the agent

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6
Q

What are the chain of events for an infectious disease?

A

pathogenic microorganism, reservoir, means of escape, mode of transmission, means of entry, host susceptibility

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7
Q

what are 4 components a reservoir must have?

A

agent can live, grow, multiply and is maintained over time

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8
Q

T/F: all clinically ill animals are reservoirs

A

FALSE

must be reservoir competent

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9
Q

Congenital and perinatal are examples of which type of transmission?

A

vertical

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10
Q

T/F: horizonal transmission can be via direct or indirect contact with reservoir

A

True

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11
Q

Droplet spread and airborne are examples of which type of transmission?

A

direct horizontal transmission

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12
Q

what are the 2 modes of indirect transmission?

A

Vehicle= inanimate objects
common vehicle- food, water, contaminated IV drugs
fomites- nosocomial and iatrogenic exposure with contaminated objects

Vector= living organism
mechanical- agent does not multiply
biological- multiplies in vector

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13
Q

What is the difference between a latent and incubation period?

A

latent- replication but not enough to become infectious

incubation- replicating but not yet symptomatic

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14
Q

what is the difference between infectious and infestation?

A

both have invasion of host but multiplication occurs in infectious and not infestation

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15
Q

what is the difference between contagious and communicable?

A

contagious is by direct contact and communicable can be by direct and indirect contact

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16
Q

T/F: Epidemic curves can tell you the magnitude and pattern of disease, probably source and tracking time of infection, contagiousness, if it will end of continue, incubation period

A

True

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17
Q

What is the significance of outliers in the epidemic curve?

A

they can represent index case/source, early exposure or late exposure

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18
Q

on an epidemic curve how is the incubation period determined?

A

it is the space between each peak in separate episodes

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19
Q

what does it mean when the magnitude of a case continues to increase?

A

indicates contagious disease

20
Q

what is a propagated curve, what does it mean and is there a need to vaccinate?

A

exposure followed by a secondary and tertiary wave indicating an infectious disease and vaccinations should be used

21
Q

what is a common source single point exposure curve, what does it mean and is there a need to vaccinate?

A

all animals were exposed to the same source at the same time, it is not contagious, incubation period can be determined if agent is known, there is a sharp incline and decline and there is no need to vaccinate because it will die out on its own

22
Q

what is a common source with intermittent exposure curve, what does it mean and is there a need to vaccinate?

A

different times of exposure to dsame source, lacks pattern and vaccination is necessary because it will continuously happen

23
Q

on the epidemic curves what does the low level fluctuations mean? high peak?

A

low level= endemic

high peak= epidemic

24
Q

what are 3 factors that shape the curve

A

host- immunity, resistance, direct transmission
agent- infectiousness, latent and incubation periods, duration of infectivity
environment- important for indirect transmission

25
Q

what is a disease determinant?

A

factors that help determine the probability, distribution or severity of a disease in an animal or population

26
Q

what are primary, secondary, intrinsic and extrinsic determinants?

A

primary- necessary and must be present for disease to occur

secondary- enabling factor making disease more likely

intrinsic- internal process in the animal, endogenous, genetically determined

extrinsic- external to animal

27
Q

what are 3 extrinsic factors?

A

the agent characteristics, the environment, vaccination

ex: diet, stress, housing, climate, demographics

28
Q

what are 3 intrinsic factors?

A

genotype, breed, status of body being immune

ex: sex age, breed, nutrition, immunity

29
Q

what is herd immunity?

A

infectious disease that can be contained if the populations resistance is high enough

30
Q

What percentage of human pathogens are zoonotic?

A

61%

31
Q

what is an emerging disease?

A

a previously unknown agent that emerges or a previously known agent in a new population

32
Q

What is a re-emerging disease?

A

known disease that was previously on a decline but is becoming more common

33
Q

how are diseases recognized?

A

detection of abnormal, weird or unusual by farmer or vet followed by investigation by state and federal agencies

34
Q

What are the 5 stages of disease emergence?

A

Stage 1: pathogen exclusive to reservoir

Stage 2: passage to other species but no subsequent transmission (dead end host)

Stage 3: passage to other species with few cycles of subsequent transmission

Stage 4:passage to other species and transmission is sustained in new host

Stage 5: pathogen is exclusive to new host

35
Q

What are examples of Stage 2 diseases?

A

rabies, WEEV, EEEV, west nile, H5N1

36
Q

What are examples of Stage 3 disease?

A

Mycobacterium bovis, nipah virus

37
Q

What are examples of stage 4 diseases?

A

SARS, Schmallenberg virus and H1N1

38
Q

What are examples of Stage 5 diseases?

A

HIV, measles, smallpox, dengue fever, yellow fever

39
Q

T/F: Land use changes, food agricultural systems, environment systems and human behavior are drivers for disease emergence

A

True

40
Q

What are pathogenically related factors that determine disease emergence?

A

type (virus is most emergent)

mutations (antibiotic resistance, enhanced transmissibility)

41
Q

T/F: the best transmission of a disease is within the species and are more likely to transmit between closely related species rather than distant ones

A

True

42
Q

T/F: pathogenic cross between distantly related species often cause very different and more severe disease

A

True

43
Q

T/F: intensive agriculture has created a more susceptible population

A

True the animals usually have very little genetic diversity managed under the same conditions giving them the same susceptibility

44
Q

What are 3 modes of intentional release of diseases?

A

Bioterrorism- anthrax

biocrimes- salmonella

agroterrorism- FMD

45
Q

What are the 4 portals of entry for transboundary disease?

A

animal/animal products/animal trade

vectors

fomites

people-travel

Veterinary Public Health and epidemiology (1 decks)

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