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Radiology Physics > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

In what country was x-ray discovered?

A

Germany

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2
Q

Are x-rays stored in matter?

A

No

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3
Q

Do x-rays have an effect on photographic film?

A

Yes

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4
Q

Do some materials fluoresce when exposed to them?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Does focusing the x-ray allow the patient to be exposed less?

A

No

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6
Q

What do the initials FFD, TFD, and SID refer to?

A

Distance b/w the source of the x-ray and the film

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7
Q

What is the most commonly used dosimeter?

A

Film badge

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8
Q

Imagine that you are a wee little photon that has sailed through space at a high rate of speed which has carried you into and out of a patient. What would be the next thing you encounter?

A

Grid

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9
Q

What is the number of electrons controlled by?

A

Low voltage circuit

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10
Q

Which effect would a smaller anode angle have compared to a larger angle?

A

It would create a clearer image

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11
Q

What type of wavelength is seen with x-ray?

A

Short wavelength (gamma) (high frequency)

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12
Q

Of the different types of radiation, which is associated w/ biological effects?

A

Ionizing

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13
Q

Which of the following contributes the most radiation to a human’s annual exposure?

A

Radon Gas

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14
Q

What is helpful in producing a good quality A-P full spine xray?

A

Having the anode toward the cervical

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15
Q

Positive beam limitation systems (PBL) would include what?

A

Semiautomatic collimation

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16
Q

In checking your collimator, what percentage is the limit for inaccuracy?

A

2%

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17
Q

What is used to tell us that the x-ray beam is centered to the part being radiographed?

A

The light and mirror

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18
Q

At a set FFD and film size the less collimation used the ___ the film will be?

A

Darker

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19
Q

From which of the following does the electron cloud form?

A

The filament

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20
Q

If you’ve overexposed a film, what should you have done to get a better film?

A

Used a filter for the part that is overexposed

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21
Q

Federal regulation requires how much filtration for an x-ray machine that operates at 70 kV-100kV?

A

2.5mm

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22
Q

What material is used for the construction of most compensating filters?

A

Aluminum

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23
Q

What part of the tube complex allows one to move the tube stand?

A

Tube track

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24
Q

When is a fetus the most sensitive to radiation?

A

1st trimester

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25
Q

When taking an AP full spine film of a young female patient which of the following structures should you be most concerned with?

A

Breast

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26
Q

The ten day rule concerns?

A

Patients during a ten day period from the onset of menses…don’t x-ray!

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27
Q

“If a 13 yo walks into your office b/c they were told by the school nurse they have scoliosis. Why would you x-ray them P-A rather than A-P?”

A

It will decrease breast and gonad exposure

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28
Q

If you take a lumbar series on a 7 year old, what does the law about radiosensitivity and metabolic rate prompt you to do?

A

Put a contact gonad shield on him

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29
Q

A dual focus tube has which of the following characteristics that a single focus tube doesn’t?

A

2 filaments

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30
Q

Who is credited with the discovery of x-ray?

A

WC Roentgen

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31
Q

The speed of electrons is controlled by what?

A

High voltage circuit

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32
Q

If you had a film that was too dark which of the following would solve your problem?

A

Decrease the mAs

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33
Q

Which of the following is an advantage of using a small focal spot?

A

Clearer image

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34
Q

Before using a high setting with a tube that has been shut down overnight, it is advisable to do what?

A

Use a tube warm up procedure

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35
Q

The “useful beam” exits which part of the tube?

A

Window

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36
Q

What is the international unit designation for the rad?

A

Gray (100rad=1gray)

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37
Q

The filament is surrounded by what structure?

A

Focusing cup

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38
Q

Of the following, which part limits the size of the useful x-ray beam?

A

Collimator

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39
Q

What year was x-ray discovered?

A

1895

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40
Q

Which is recommended for full spine film?

A

Compensating filtration

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41
Q

Which part of the tube complex has as its main function the removal of soft rays?

A

Tube filters

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42
Q

Where is oil normally found in the tube complex?

A

b/w the tube and tube housing

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43
Q

kV is the primary controlling factor for which of the following?

A

Contrast

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44
Q

What would be the last thing you should do before pressing the exposure button?

A

Activate the rotor

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45
Q

What is the main purpose of oil in the tube complex ?

A

Aid in cooling the tube

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46
Q

What type of anode should you use?

A

Rotating

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47
Q

What is the half value layer (HVL) used for?

A

Filtration recommendations

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48
Q

Before moving the tube stand on the track, what must be accomplished?

A

Lock must be released

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49
Q

About how much reduction of gonad exposure occurs w/ a PA lumbar film compared to an AP lumbar film?

A

95%

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50
Q

As you are setting up a patient for a full spine you notice that there is a minus sign on the upper cable attachment on the tube and a plus sign on the lower. What do you think will be the probably outcome of your full spine film?

A

The cervicals will be too dark and lumbars will be too light

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51
Q

You take an x-ray of the thoracic spine and find that all shows up well on your film except for the upper region which is way too dark. What probably happened?

A

Didn’t filter the upper part

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52
Q

What are examples of electromagnetic ionizing radiation?

A

x-ray and gamma radiation

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53
Q

Which type of dose is attributed to harmful effects from low levels of radiation?

A

Genetic

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54
Q

Is there any logical way that your time spent in Davenport would be exposed to alpha particles?

A

Yes by breathing QC air

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55
Q

The large or small focal spot is usually set simultaneously w/what

A

Milliamperes

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56
Q

If you want to increase the number of photons reaching your film, what could you do?

A

Increase the mA

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57
Q

“What governs the speed of electrons?”

A

kV

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58
Q

Comparing 2 films w/ the kV and the mAs constant, one taken at 40”FFD and the other at 72”FFD, what would occur?

A

“Increased density of the 40” film

Decreased image size on the 72” film”

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59
Q

What is responsible for changing AC current to DC current?

A

Rectifier

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60
Q

How would one figure heat units if one was so inclined to do so?

A

MA x TIME x kVp

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61
Q

At the usual kV range that you will be xraying spines with which of the following makes up the majority of the beam?

A

Bremsstrahlung radiation

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62
Q

How much of the energy created by an exposure in an xray tube is useful for the production of a radiograph?

A

1%

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63
Q

What is the main function of the anode?

A

Stop the electrons

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64
Q

What produces thermionic emission?

A

Low voltage circui

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65
Q

What is responsible for the anode heel effect?

A

Bevel of the anode

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66
Q

If someone accused you of producing an under penetrated film, how would you correct the problem?

A

Increase the kVp

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67
Q

The “boiling off” of electrons is known by which term?

A

Thermionic emission

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68
Q

What part of the tube complex allows one to control the size of the useful beam?

A

The collimator

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69
Q

Which of the following increases patient exposure to radiation?

A

Split screens

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70
Q

Where is addend filtration located?

A

On the port of the tube housing

71
Q

Which part of the tube complex will you have to unlock and move to set the tube distance for an upright lateral lumbar film?

A

The tube stand

72
Q

Which of the following is NOT required to appear on a legal ID marker?

A

“Age or birth date of the patient

(required: patients name or number, date of exam, doctor or clinic name)”

73
Q

Federal standards require 2.5mm of aluminum for which kVp range?

A

70-100

74
Q

What is true about collimating from a 14x17” filed to a 8x10” film?

A

You would increase the tube output

75
Q

1 milisievert = how many mrems?

A

100

76
Q

If you took a film at 40” then moved the tube to 72” and took the film again, What do you need to do to get the same film density?

A

Increase the mAs by 3 times

77
Q

What would you expect to receive the highest amount of radiation from an x-ray procedure?

A

Skin

78
Q

In what form do we encounter radon?

A

Gas

79
Q

Higher energy photons are present with?

A

Higher frequency

80
Q

Radiation hormesis refers to which of the following?

A

The beneficial effects from exposure to low levels of radiation

81
Q

Dosimetry is used for which of the following?

A

Detecting radiation

82
Q

What is the primary factor for radiographic contrast?

A

kV

83
Q

What effect would reducing the FFD have?

A

Number of x-rays reaching the film increases

84
Q

What are considered the standard tube distances (SID that is)?

A

40 and 72

85
Q

What is the purpose of the rectifiers?

A

Changes the current from alternating to direct

86
Q

Which of the following will reduce penumbra?

A

Small focal spot

87
Q

Which of the following is the usual tube warm-up technique?

A

2 exposures w/ the 2nd using 2 times the mAs

88
Q

If you want to produce more x-rays, what would you do?

A

Increase the mA

89
Q

A decrease in the anode angle would have which effect?

A

Smaller effective focal spot

90
Q

Anode heel effect refers to which of the following?

A

A reduced intensity of the x-ray beam on the anode side of the tube

91
Q

Which is the method of choice for limiting the size of an xray beam?

A

Collimator

92
Q

Where should compensating filtration be used when taking a lateral thoracic film?

A

Lower thoracic spine

93
Q

Added filtration is a term used for what?

A

Filtration b/w the collimator and patient

94
Q

What does the 10 day rule refer to?

A

10 days AFTER the onset of menses is the safest time for x0raying a female

95
Q

If a doctor inadvertently xrayed a pregnant patient and wer dumb enough to keep taking retakes until the fetus was exposed to 5 rads, what would be the probably outcome?

A

No effect

96
Q

How much lead equivancy do most shielding devices have in them?

A

1 mm

97
Q

What xray equipment experiences thermionic emission?

A

A filament

98
Q

What is the main difference b/w ionizing and non-ionizing radiation?

A

Ionizing has a short wavelength and high frequency

99
Q

How many rems are in a seivert?

A

100

100
Q

Which is considered a standard SID?

A

72”

101
Q

Determine the outcome of a film if the tube distance is reduced from 72”FFD to 40”FFD with the mAs and kV constant?

A

The 40” film will be darker

102
Q

What is the value of knowing the heat units of your unit?

A

To determine the proper density of the film

103
Q

What does it mean to attenuate an x-ray beam?

A

Reduce the intensity

104
Q

An accurate collimator should not allow more than __% of the SID of light outside of the ezposure field?

A

2

105
Q

A filament is usually made of which metal?

A

Tungsten

106
Q

Targets are usually made of which metal?

A

Copper

107
Q

Which type of ray in the x-ray beam is the most perpendicular to the patient?

A

Central ray

108
Q

Of the following, which will dissipate the most heat?

A

The filament

109
Q

Let’s say that you are considering tubes for spinal radiography? Of the choices below which would you tell your dealer about your desired tube?

A

I want my tube to be a dual focus w/ a rotor

110
Q

Which of the following is most helpful in producing a good quality A-P full spine x-ray?

A

Having the anode toward the cervical

111
Q

How much inherent filtration can you expect your tube housing and its contents to have?

A

.5mm

112
Q

From which of the following does the electron cloud form?

A

The filament

113
Q

At a set FFD and film size the less collimation used the ___ the film will be?

A

Darker

114
Q

The shutters of a collimator are made of which material?

A

Aluminum

115
Q

The electron cloud is formed by which process?

A

Thermionic emission

116
Q

If you are x-raying a 400 pound man’s lumbar spine, how do you save your machine?

A

Using a decreased anode angle

117
Q

“You have taken an AP lumbo-pelvic film and notice a 2 inch white or very light band extending across the top of the radiograph. The bottom and lateral margins of it are properly exposed. The ischial tuberosites are w/in 1 inch of the botton of the film. With this info, what went wrong?”

A

Central ray is too low

118
Q

Why do we want to filter out as many of the soft rays as possible?

A

They cause more scatter to reach the film

119
Q

You’ve taken an AP thoracic radiograph and notice that the upper part of the spine is overexposed. Which of the following should you have done to get a better film?

A

Used a filter for the upper part of the film

120
Q

Besides indicating anatomy of the patient, what is the advantage of the “Mitchell” marker?

A

It indicates recoment or upright position

121
Q

ON a film, you see a wide light vertica band on one side of the film and the patient’s spine os off center toward the left. You say that the patient was properly centered to the grid cabinet. What went wrong?

A

The film wasn’t pushed in all the way

122
Q

If you can’t afford digital imaging, what should you get?

A

High frequency

123
Q

Radon comes to use in which form?

A

Alpha particles

124
Q

Give or take a little, natural background radiation accounts for about how much of our average annual exposure to ionizing radiation?

A

80%

125
Q

The beneficial effect of radiation is called?

A

Radiation hormesis

126
Q

Which of the following is NOT a property of Xray?

A

They are stored in matter

127
Q

How many rads are in a gray

A

100

128
Q

Which unit of measure is usually used for reporting occupational exposure to radiation?

A

Rem

129
Q

What year did BJ Palmer introduce x-ray into the chiropractic profession?

A

1910

130
Q

The focal spot size is usually set in conjunction w/ which of the following?

A

Low voltage circuit

131
Q

Which would happen if you lengthen the time of an exposure?

A

You would increase the number of photons hitting the patient

132
Q

Which primary factor is responsible for the quality of an xray beam?

A

kVp

133
Q

The mA setting determines which of the following?

A

Current going throught the filament

134
Q

Which would have the least fluctuation in the kV level?

A

High frequency

135
Q

What propels the electrons in an x-ray tube?

A

The kV

136
Q

A tube warm0up procedure should be performed by using how many exposures?

A

2

137
Q

Which part of an x-ray tube is the target located in?

A

Anode (target, stem, roter)

138
Q

The first place that attenuation of any part of the x-ray beam occurs is at which point?

A

The anode

139
Q

The term “thermionic emission” is most closely related to which of the following?

A

The cloud of electrons at the filament

140
Q

Which of the following is true about a dual focus tube?

A

Has 2 filaments

141
Q

The purpose of the collimator shutters is to?

A

Filter the periphery of the beam

142
Q

Which of the following 3 radiographic projections routinely uses compensating filtration?

A

AP thoracic, lateral thoracic, and full spine

143
Q

Which is the best way to identify a patients film?

A

A flash on label before processing

144
Q

When is a fetus the most sensitive to radiation?

A

1st trimester

145
Q

Of the choices listed below, which two are the most susceptible to develop a malignancy from ionizing radiation?

A

Bone marrow and breast

146
Q

When comparing films of the same patient, one set taken 3 months ago, you notice the film is too dark and cervical are larger than they were 3 months ago. What went wrong?

A

You took the film at 40 instead of the 72 you used 3 months ago

147
Q

What is the best type of x-ray equipment to buy?

A

Dual focus tube w/ a tungsten target surrounded by copper w/ the same anode angle fo 14 degrees and tungsten filaments

148
Q

Which of the following has the highest frequency?

A

x-ray

149
Q

If you wanted to reduce penumbra, which should you consider doin?

A

Use a small effective focal spot

150
Q

What is the most effective in reducing secondary radiation?

A

Collimation

151
Q

A decrease in the anode angle would have which effect?

A

Smaller effective focal spot

152
Q

Anode heel effect refers to which of the following?

A

A reduced intensity of the xray beam on the anode side of the tube

153
Q

Inherent filtration adds how much aluminum equivalency?

A

.5 mm

154
Q

The first radiographic print was of what body part?

A

Hand

155
Q

Current going through a filament is set by which of the following?

A

mA control

156
Q

What occurs to cause ionization?

A

Removal of an electron from an atom

157
Q

A step up transformer will have which effect?

A

Increase the volts

158
Q

On the average, which of the following accounts for over 50% of the typical person’s radiation exposure?

A

Radon

159
Q

Which of the following devices is used to detect and measure radiation?

A

Dosimeter

160
Q

What is the most helpful in producing a good quality AP full spine xray?

A

Have the anode toward the cervical

161
Q

What is the minimum anode angle that can be used if you were going to take a 14.36” full spine film?

A

14 degrees

162
Q

Which type of radiation always travels at the speed of light?

A

Electromagnetic (has no mass and travels in packs “photons/quanta”)

163
Q

x-ray is produced at which tube part?

A

The target

164
Q

How many electrodes does the usual xray tube contain?

A

2 (anode+ and cathode-)

165
Q

A step up transformer will have which effect?

A

Increase the volts

166
Q

Of your bodies systems, which will require the most radiation in an acute blast to screw it up?

A

Nervous system

167
Q

If you were taking an AP open mouth film for an upper cervical technique, what should you do?

A

Use selective filtration over the eyes

168
Q

What part of the tube complex containes lead?

A

Tube housing

169
Q

If you wanted to make a film darker which step would do it?

A

Decrease tube distance

170
Q

Which is the best way to identify a patient’s film?

A

A flash on label before processing

171
Q

During an xray procedure where would you most likely find a shadow shild?

A

On the front of the collimator

172
Q

What determines the penetrating power of an xray beam?

A

kV

173
Q

What is the first part of the tube complex that attenuates any part of the beam?

A

The anode heel

Radiology Physics (1 decks)

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