Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
In what country was x-ray discovered?
A
Germany
2
Q
Are x-rays stored in matter?
A
No
3
Q
Do x-rays have an effect on photographic film?
A
Yes
4
Q
Do some materials fluoresce when exposed to them?
A
Yes
5
Q
Does focusing the x-ray allow the patient to be exposed less?
A
No
6
Q
What do the initials FFD, TFD, and SID refer to?
A
Distance b/w the source of the x-ray and the film
7
Q
What is the most commonly used dosimeter?
A
Film badge
8
Q
Imagine that you are a wee little photon that has sailed through space at a high rate of speed which has carried you into and out of a patient. What would be the next thing you encounter?
A
Grid
9
Q
What is the number of electrons controlled by?
A
Low voltage circuit
10
Q
Which effect would a smaller anode angle have compared to a larger angle?
A
It would create a clearer image
11
Q
What type of wavelength is seen with x-ray?
A
Short wavelength (gamma) (high frequency)
12
Q
Of the different types of radiation, which is associated w/ biological effects?
A
Ionizing
13
Q
Which of the following contributes the most radiation to a human’s annual exposure?
A
Radon Gas
14
Q
What is helpful in producing a good quality A-P full spine xray?
A
Having the anode toward the cervical
15
Q
Positive beam limitation systems (PBL) would include what?
A
Semiautomatic collimation
16
Q
In checking your collimator, what percentage is the limit for inaccuracy?
A
2%
17
Q
What is used to tell us that the x-ray beam is centered to the part being radiographed?
A
The light and mirror
18
Q
At a set FFD and film size the less collimation used the ___ the film will be?
A
Darker
19
Q
From which of the following does the electron cloud form?
A
The filament
20
Q
If you’ve overexposed a film, what should you have done to get a better film?
A
Used a filter for the part that is overexposed
21
Q
Federal regulation requires how much filtration for an x-ray machine that operates at 70 kV-100kV?
A
2.5mm
22
Q
What material is used for the construction of most compensating filters?
A
Aluminum
23
Q
What part of the tube complex allows one to move the tube stand?
A
Tube track
24
Q
When is a fetus the most sensitive to radiation?
A
1st trimester
25
When taking an AP full spine film of a young female patient which of the following structures should you be most concerned with?
Breast
26
The ten day rule concerns?
Patients during a ten day period from the onset of menses…don’t x-ray!
27
"If a 13 yo walks into your office b/c they were told by the school nurse they have scoliosis. Why would you x-ray them P-A rather than A-P?"
It will decrease breast and gonad exposure
28
If you take a lumbar series on a 7 year old, what does the law about radiosensitivity and metabolic rate prompt you to do?
Put a contact gonad shield on him
29
A dual focus tube has which of the following characteristics that a single focus tube doesn’t?
2 filaments
30
Who is credited with the discovery of x-ray?
WC Roentgen
31
The speed of electrons is controlled by what?
High voltage circuit
32
If you had a film that was too dark which of the following would solve your problem?
Decrease the mAs
33
Which of the following is an advantage of using a small focal spot?
Clearer image
34
Before using a high setting with a tube that has been shut down overnight, it is advisable to do what?
Use a tube warm up procedure
35
The “useful beam” exits which part of the tube?
Window
36
What is the international unit designation for the rad?
Gray (100rad=1gray)
37
The filament is surrounded by what structure?
Focusing cup
38
Of the following, which part limits the size of the useful x-ray beam?
Collimator
39
What year was x-ray discovered?
1895
40
Which is recommended for full spine film?
Compensating filtration
41
Which part of the tube complex has as its main function the removal of soft rays?
Tube filters
42
Where is oil normally found in the tube complex?
b/w the tube and tube housing
43
kV is the primary controlling factor for which of the following?
Contrast
44
What would be the last thing you should do before pressing the exposure button?
Activate the rotor
45
What is the main purpose of oil in the tube complex ?
Aid in cooling the tube
46
What type of anode should you use?
Rotating
47
What is the half value layer (HVL) used for?
Filtration recommendations
48
Before moving the tube stand on the track, what must be accomplished?
Lock must be released
49
About how much reduction of gonad exposure occurs w/ a PA lumbar film compared to an AP lumbar film?
95%
50
As you are setting up a patient for a full spine you notice that there is a minus sign on the upper cable attachment on the tube and a plus sign on the lower. What do you think will be the probably outcome of your full spine film?
The cervicals will be too dark and lumbars will be too light
51
You take an x-ray of the thoracic spine and find that all shows up well on your film except for the upper region which is way too dark. What probably happened?
Didn’t filter the upper part
52
What are examples of electromagnetic ionizing radiation?
x-ray and gamma radiation
53
Which type of dose is attributed to harmful effects from low levels of radiation?
Genetic
54
Is there any logical way that your time spent in Davenport would be exposed to alpha particles?
Yes by breathing QC air
55
The large or small focal spot is usually set simultaneously w/what
Milliamperes
56
If you want to increase the number of photons reaching your film, what could you do?
Increase the mA
57
"What governs the speed of electrons?"
kV
58
Comparing 2 films w/ the kV and the mAs constant, one taken at 40”FFD and the other at 72”FFD, what would occur?
"Increased density of the 40” film
| Decreased image size on the 72” film"
59
What is responsible for changing AC current to DC current?
Rectifier
60
How would one figure heat units if one was so inclined to do so?
MA x TIME x kVp
61
At the usual kV range that you will be xraying spines with which of the following makes up the majority of the beam?
Bremsstrahlung radiation
62
How much of the energy created by an exposure in an xray tube is useful for the production of a radiograph?
1%
63
What is the main function of the anode?
Stop the electrons
64
What produces thermionic emission?
Low voltage circui
65
What is responsible for the anode heel effect?
Bevel of the anode
66
If someone accused you of producing an under penetrated film, how would you correct the problem?
Increase the kVp
67
The “boiling off” of electrons is known by which term?
Thermionic emission
68
What part of the tube complex allows one to control the size of the useful beam?
The collimator
69
Which of the following increases patient exposure to radiation?
Split screens
70
Where is addend filtration located?
On the port of the tube housing
71
Which part of the tube complex will you have to unlock and move to set the tube distance for an upright lateral lumbar film?
The tube stand
72
Which of the following is NOT required to appear on a legal ID marker?
"Age or birth date of the patient
| (required: patients name or number, date of exam, doctor or clinic name)"
73
Federal standards require 2.5mm of aluminum for which kVp range?
70-100
74
What is true about collimating from a 14x17” filed to a 8x10” film?
You would increase the tube output
75
1 milisievert = how many mrems?
100
76
If you took a film at 40” then moved the tube to 72” and took the film again, What do you need to do to get the same film density?
Increase the mAs by 3 times
77
What would you expect to receive the highest amount of radiation from an x-ray procedure?
Skin
78
In what form do we encounter radon?
Gas
79
Higher energy photons are present with?
Higher frequency
80
Radiation hormesis refers to which of the following?
The beneficial effects from exposure to low levels of radiation
81
Dosimetry is used for which of the following?
Detecting radiation
82
What is the primary factor for radiographic contrast?
kV
83
What effect would reducing the FFD have?
Number of x-rays reaching the film increases
84
What are considered the standard tube distances (SID that is)?
40 and 72
85
What is the purpose of the rectifiers?
Changes the current from alternating to direct
86
Which of the following will reduce penumbra?
Small focal spot
87
Which of the following is the usual tube warm-up technique?
2 exposures w/ the 2nd using 2 times the mAs
88
If you want to produce more x-rays, what would you do?
Increase the mA
89
A decrease in the anode angle would have which effect?
Smaller effective focal spot
90
Anode heel effect refers to which of the following?
A reduced intensity of the x-ray beam on the anode side of the tube
91
Which is the method of choice for limiting the size of an xray beam?
Collimator
92
Where should compensating filtration be used when taking a lateral thoracic film?
Lower thoracic spine
93
Added filtration is a term used for what?
Filtration b/w the collimator and patient
94
What does the 10 day rule refer to?
10 days AFTER the onset of menses is the safest time for x0raying a female
95
If a doctor inadvertently xrayed a pregnant patient and wer dumb enough to keep taking retakes until the fetus was exposed to 5 rads, what would be the probably outcome?
No effect
96
How much lead equivancy do most shielding devices have in them?
1 mm
97
What xray equipment experiences thermionic emission?
A filament
98
What is the main difference b/w ionizing and non-ionizing radiation?
Ionizing has a short wavelength and high frequency
99
How many rems are in a seivert?
100
100
Which is considered a standard SID?
72”
101
Determine the outcome of a film if the tube distance is reduced from 72”FFD to 40”FFD with the mAs and kV constant?
The 40” film will be darker
102
What is the value of knowing the heat units of your unit?
To determine the proper density of the film
103
What does it mean to attenuate an x-ray beam?
Reduce the intensity
104
An accurate collimator should not allow more than __% of the SID of light outside of the ezposure field?
2
105
A filament is usually made of which metal?
Tungsten
106
Targets are usually made of which metal?
Copper
107
Which type of ray in the x-ray beam is the most perpendicular to the patient?
Central ray
108
Of the following, which will dissipate the most heat?
The filament
109
Let’s say that you are considering tubes for spinal radiography? Of the choices below which would you tell your dealer about your desired tube?
I want my tube to be a dual focus w/ a rotor
110
Which of the following is most helpful in producing a good quality A-P full spine x-ray?
Having the anode toward the cervical
111
How much inherent filtration can you expect your tube housing and its contents to have?
.5mm
112
From which of the following does the electron cloud form?
The filament
113
At a set FFD and film size the less collimation used the ___ the film will be?
Darker
114
The shutters of a collimator are made of which material?
Aluminum
115
The electron cloud is formed by which process?
Thermionic emission
116
If you are x-raying a 400 pound man’s lumbar spine, how do you save your machine?
Using a decreased anode angle
117
"You have taken an AP lumbo-pelvic film and notice a 2 inch white or very light band extending across the top of the radiograph. The bottom and lateral margins of it are properly exposed. The ischial tuberosites are w/in 1 inch of the botton of the film. With this info, what went wrong?"
Central ray is too low
118
Why do we want to filter out as many of the soft rays as possible?
They cause more scatter to reach the film
119
You’ve taken an AP thoracic radiograph and notice that the upper part of the spine is overexposed. Which of the following should you have done to get a better film?
Used a filter for the upper part of the film
120
Besides indicating anatomy of the patient, what is the advantage of the “Mitchell” marker?
It indicates recoment or upright position
121
ON a film, you see a wide light vertica band on one side of the film and the patient’s spine os off center toward the left. You say that the patient was properly centered to the grid cabinet. What went wrong?
The film wasn’t pushed in all the way
122
If you can’t afford digital imaging, what should you get?
High frequency
123
Radon comes to use in which form?
Alpha particles
124
Give or take a little, natural background radiation accounts for about how much of our average annual exposure to ionizing radiation?
80%
125
The beneficial effect of radiation is called?
Radiation hormesis
126
Which of the following is NOT a property of Xray?
They are stored in matter
127
How many rads are in a gray
100
128
Which unit of measure is usually used for reporting occupational exposure to radiation?
Rem
129
What year did BJ Palmer introduce x-ray into the chiropractic profession?
1910
130
The focal spot size is usually set in conjunction w/ which of the following?
Low voltage circuit
131
Which would happen if you lengthen the time of an exposure?
You would increase the number of photons hitting the patient
132
Which primary factor is responsible for the quality of an xray beam?
kVp
133
The mA setting determines which of the following?
Current going throught the filament
134
Which would have the least fluctuation in the kV level?
High frequency
135
What propels the electrons in an x-ray tube?
The kV
136
A tube warm0up procedure should be performed by using how many exposures?
2
137
Which part of an x-ray tube is the target located in?
Anode (target, stem, roter)
138
The first place that attenuation of any part of the x-ray beam occurs is at which point?
The anode
139
The term “thermionic emission” is most closely related to which of the following?
The cloud of electrons at the filament
140
Which of the following is true about a dual focus tube?
Has 2 filaments
141
The purpose of the collimator shutters is to?
Filter the periphery of the beam
142
Which of the following 3 radiographic projections routinely uses compensating filtration?
AP thoracic, lateral thoracic, and full spine
143
Which is the best way to identify a patients film?
A flash on label before processing
144
When is a fetus the most sensitive to radiation?
1st trimester
145
Of the choices listed below, which two are the most susceptible to develop a malignancy from ionizing radiation?
Bone marrow and breast
146
When comparing films of the same patient, one set taken 3 months ago, you notice the film is too dark and cervical are larger than they were 3 months ago. What went wrong?
You took the film at 40 instead of the 72 you used 3 months ago
147
What is the best type of x-ray equipment to buy?
Dual focus tube w/ a tungsten target surrounded by copper w/ the same anode angle fo 14 degrees and tungsten filaments
148
Which of the following has the highest frequency?
x-ray
149
If you wanted to reduce penumbra, which should you consider doin?
Use a small effective focal spot
150
What is the most effective in reducing secondary radiation?
Collimation
151
A decrease in the anode angle would have which effect?
Smaller effective focal spot
152
Anode heel effect refers to which of the following?
A reduced intensity of the xray beam on the anode side of the tube
153
Inherent filtration adds how much aluminum equivalency?
.5 mm
154
The first radiographic print was of what body part?
Hand
155
Current going through a filament is set by which of the following?
mA control
156
What occurs to cause ionization?
Removal of an electron from an atom
157
A step up transformer will have which effect?
Increase the volts
158
On the average, which of the following accounts for over 50% of the typical person’s radiation exposure?
Radon
159
Which of the following devices is used to detect and measure radiation?
Dosimeter
160
What is the most helpful in producing a good quality AP full spine xray?
Have the anode toward the cervical
161
What is the minimum anode angle that can be used if you were going to take a 14.36” full spine film?
14 degrees
162
Which type of radiation always travels at the speed of light?
Electromagnetic (has no mass and travels in packs “photons/quanta”)
163
x-ray is produced at which tube part?
The target
164
How many electrodes does the usual xray tube contain?
2 (anode+ and cathode-)
165
A step up transformer will have which effect?
Increase the volts
166
Of your bodies systems, which will require the most radiation in an acute blast to screw it up?
Nervous system
167
If you were taking an AP open mouth film for an upper cervical technique, what should you do?
Use selective filtration over the eyes
168
What part of the tube complex containes lead?
Tube housing
169
If you wanted to make a film darker which step would do it?
Decrease tube distance
170
Which is the best way to identify a patient’s film?
A flash on label before processing
171
During an xray procedure where would you most likely find a shadow shild?
On the front of the collimator
172
What determines the penetrating power of an xray beam?
kV
173
What is the first part of the tube complex that attenuates any part of the beam?
The anode heel
