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BIOL 1620 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is true concerning positive feedback pathways?
A) They lead to stability.
B) When present, they must have a mechanism for self-termination.
C) They are never found in the body under normal circumstances.
D) They are as common as negative feedback pathways.
E) None of the above statements are true.

A

B) When present, they must have a mechanism for self-termination.

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2
Q

The three general components in a negative feedback loop are the:
A) sensor - target - organ.
B) neuron - interneuron - motor neuron.
C) reflex - control center - output cell.
D) sensor - integrator - effector.
E) receptor - transducer - target organ.

A

D) sensor - integrator - effector

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3
Q

Which of the following statements describes a negative feedback response?
A) As a blood clot forms, the process of clot formation gets faster and faster.
B) The digestive enzyme pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by the action of hydrochloric acid; pepsin itself can then convert pepsinogen into pepsin.
C) Once labor begins, contractions increase in frequency and intensity.
D) After you eat, insulin stimulates the lowering of blood sugar levels.
E) None of the above are example of a negative feedback response.

A

D) After you eat, insulin stimulates the lowering of blood sugar levels

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4
Q 
Historically, what branch of science was always closely linked with physiology?
A) Anatomy.
B) Physics.
C) Molecular Biology.
D) Chemistry.
E) Volleyball 101.
A

A) Anatomy

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5
Q 
Historically, what branch of science was always closely linked with physiology?
A) Anatomy.
B) Physics.
C) Molecular Biology.
D) Chemistry.
E) Volleyball 101.
A

A) Anatomy

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6
Q

_______ is considered THE central theme in physiology.
A) Negative Feedback.
B) Natural Selection.
C) Homeostasis.
D) Cooperation among different physiological systems.
E) Function follows Form.

A

C) Homeostasis.

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7
Q

When you are in negative energy balance, this implies:
A) You are taking in fewer calories than you are using and you will lose weight.
B) You are taking in more calories than you are using and you will lose weight.
C) You are taking in fewer calories than you are using and you will gain weight.
D) You are taking in more calories than you are using and you will gain weight.
E) You will eventually explode.

A

A) You are taking in fewer calories than you are using and you will lose weight.

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8
Q 
What feeding strategy is this organism at the right (worm eating leaf) utilizing?
A) Bulk Feeding.
B) Fluid Feeding.
C) Substrate Feeding.
D) Opportunistic Feeding.
E) Suspension Feeding.
A

C) Substrate Feeding.

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9
Q 
What feeding strategy is this organism at the right (worm eating leaf) utilizing?
A) Bulk Feeding.
B) Fluid Feeding.
C) Substrate Feeding.
D) Opportunistic Feeding.
E) Suspension Feeding.
A

C) Substrate Feeding.

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10
Q

Which of the following statements is consistent with the Thrifty Gene Hypothesis?
A) Natural selection favored those individuals that were more agile hunters.
B) Natural selection favored those individuals that were tall and lean.
C) Natural selection favored those individuals that ate a diet of both plants and animals.
D) Natural selection favored those individuals that could store calories efficiently and burn them slowly.
E) Natural selection favored those individuals that looked nothing like Dr. Messina.

A

D

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11
Q 
What word is missing in the diagram at the right? (Normal blood glucose > blood glucose level falls > pancreas > ?? > liver > blood glucose level rises > normal blood glucose)
A) Ghrelin
B) Insulin
C) Leptin
D) Glucagon
E) PYY
A

D

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12
Q 
Blocking the activity of which of the following appetite regulators would be beneficial for dieting?
A) Ghrelin
B) Insulin
C) Leptin
D) Glucagon
E) PYY
A

A

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13
Q 
Which of the following protects the oral cavity from damage by strong acids?
A) salivary amylase
B) antibacterial agents
C) mucin
D) both B and C are correct
E) A, B, and C are correct
A

C

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14
Q

Why do we infer that the epidemic of obesity in the last 25 years is due to changes in non-genetic factors?
A) Because genes related to food intake are not under evolutionary pressure.
B) Because the genetic composition of a human population does not change that rapidly.
C) Because the genes controlling food intake are fixed in the genome.
D) Because humans have always been omnivores.
E) All of the above are correct.

A

B

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15
Q 
An herbivorous organism eats plant material but rarely is able to find water and drink. Which of the following physiological adaptations would be most likely to be found in this individual?
A) huge salivary glands
B) undersized kidneys
C) smaller than normal gall bladder
D) very long colon
E) enlarged stomach
A

D

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16
Q 
Which of the following macronutrients is digested primarily in the stomach?
A) protein
B) fats
C) carbohydrates
D) minerals
E) both A and B
A

A

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17
Q 
Which of the following macronutrients is digested primarily in the stomach?
A) protein
B) fats
C) carbohydrates
D) minerals
E) both A and B
A

A

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18
Q

Which of the following specializations of the duodenum directly aid in enhancing nutrient absorption?
A) muscle layers that surround the small intestine.
B) transport of fat through the lymphatic system.
C) microvilli on the epithelial cells.
D) the smooth nature of the interior of the duodenum.
E) all of the above

A

C

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19
Q 
Which of the following is NOT found in an OPEN circulatory system?
A) capillaries
B) ostia
C) tubular heart
D) one-way valves
E) hemolymph
A

A

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20
Q 
Regurgitation is a physiological problem concerning which structure?
A) heart valves
B) alveoli
C) coronary arteries
D) left ventricle
E) none of the above
A

A

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21
Q

The distinction between macro minerals and trace minerals is on the basis of:
A) the amount required in the diet each day.
B) the role the mineral has in normal physiology.
C) the solubility of the mineral in water
D) the relative activity of the mineral in the interstitial fluid
E) some old classification scheme that is no longer applicable

A

A

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22
Q

Mud-eating behavior in the Pima Indian children is an example of:
A) a way to counteract a caloric deficiency.
B) a way to correct a specific nutrient deficiency.
C) a way to remain in positive energy balance during development
D) a way to prevent starvation.
E) a way to get the necessary vitamins they are lacking.

A

B

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23
Q

The condition of diarrhea occurs when:
A) the products of digestion spend too long in the stomach.
B) the products of digestion are not absorbed appropriately in the small intestine
C) the products of digestion pass too slowly through the colon.
D) the colon’s ability to absorb water is negatively affected
E) you are invited to yet another dinner at the Messina household

A

D

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24
Q 
After leaving the right ventricle, where does the blood flow next?
A) to the right atrium
B) to the left atrium
C) to the pulmonary arteries
D) to the aorta
E) to the posterior vena cava
A

C

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25
Q

In sphygmomanometyr, the first sound that you hear reflects the:
A) cardiac output
B) diastolic pressure
C) systolic pressure
D) the difference between the diastolic and systolic pressures
E) the heart rate

A

C

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26
Q

In sphygmomanometyr, the first sound that you hear reflects the:
A) cardiac output
B) diastolic pressure
C) systolic pressure
D) the difference between the diastolic and systolic pressures
E) the heart rate

A

C

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27
Q 
Changes in total peripheral resistance are determined largely by changes in the diameter of the:
A) aorta
B) major arteries
C) venules
D) arterioles
E) capillaries
A

D

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28
Q

When the ventiricles are relaxed, the semilunar valves are closed. T/F?

A

True

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29
Q

Countercurrent exchange in the gills of fresh water fish always ensures:
A) water flows over the gills during respiration
B) oxygen flows from the gills into the water
C) oxygen flows from the water into the gills
D) salts flow from the gills to the water
E) both C and D

A

C

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30
Q 
The fact that the membranes of the capillaries and alveolar cells are fused helps increase diffusion in the lungs by acting on which of the variables in Fick's Law of Diffusion?
A) distance
B) concentration difference
C) molecular weight
D) temperature
E) surface area
A

A

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31
Q

In a normally operating circulatory system, what specifically controls the heart rate?
A) the amount of blood returning to the heart
B) pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node
C) pacemaker cells in the atrioventricular node
D) CO2 sensors in the carotid body
E) the P wave in the ECG

A

B

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32
Q

The oxygen concentration found in the alveoli is lower than in the outside air. The cause of this is:
A) mixing of new air with old air remaining in the lungs
B) the inefficiency of gas transfer across the alveoli
C) the concentration of respiratory pigments is lower in alveoli than in the rest of the body
D) CO2 concentration is much higher in the tissue capillaries than in the alveoli
E) the alveoli use the O2 as fast as it comes in

A

A

33
Q

Which of the following is true about the function of respiratory pigments?
A) they increase the ventilation rate
B) they decrease the ability of the tissues to bind CO2
C) they increase the level of calcium available to respiratory cells
D) they help increase the solubility of O2 in the blood
E) they are the main stimulus that drives gas exchange in the lungs

A

D

34
Q 
Most "skin-breathers" would be expected to be found:
A) at the top of Mount Everest
B) in the Gobi desert
C) in swamps in Louisiana
D) in the foothills in Utah
E) the caves in the Midwest
A

C

35
Q

A fish living in freshwater tends to do which of the following?
A) drink a lot; urinate a lot
B) drink a lot; urinate a little
C) drink little; urinate a lot
D) drink little; urinate a little
E) migrate to a marine environment for a better view

A

C

36
Q

A fish living in freshwater tends to do which of the following?
A) drink a lot; urinate a lot
B) drink a lot; urinate a little
C) drink little; urinate a lot
D) drink little; urinate a little
E) migrate to a marine environment for a better view

A

C

37
Q 
Despite living in a marine environment, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are capable of maintaining their tissues in a manner that is hyperosmolar to sea water to prevent desiccation.
A) brine shrimp
B) sharks
C) tardigrades
D) tilapia
E) salmon
A

B

38
Q 
An osmoconformer must live in which of the following environments?
A) freshwater
B) sea water
C) desert
D) swamp
E) temporary pond
A

B

39
Q

Why did I suggest in lecture that Tilapia might make a better pet than a goldfish?
A) Goldfish are osmoconformers and thus die more easily
B) Tilapia survive on any diet
C) Goldfish can never reproduce in captivity
D) Tilapia can survive in any type of water
E) Tilapia purr just like kittens while goldfish are just generally annoying individuals

A

D

40
Q 
Which of the following is NOT considered an osmoregulatory adaptation of terrestrial (land) animals?
A) having shells
B) having exoskeletons
C) being nocturnal (active at night)
D) having keratinized skin
E) having hair or fur
A

E

41
Q 
Which of the following is NOT considered an osmoregulatory adaptation of terrestrial (land) animals?
A) having shells
B) having exoskeletons
C) being nocturnal (active at night)
D) having keratinized skin
E) having hair or fur
A

E

42
Q 
To maintain the fundamental characteristics of life, there are five requirements. These include Water, Oxygen, Food, Heat, and \_\_\_\_\_.
A) Energy
B) Excretion
C) Carbon Dioxide
D) Pressure
E) Assimilation
A

D

43
Q 
In a negative feedback pathway in a physiological system, in what system is the INTEGRATOR typically found?
A) respiratory
B) nervous
C) digestive
D) cardiovascular
E) sensory
A

B

44
Q 
What word(s) is/are missing? (Homeostasis > Stimulus: Perturbation/stress > ?? > Control center > Response/effector > homeostasis)
A) sensor/receptor
B) target
C) output
D) feedback
E) hypothalamus
A

A

45
Q

Which of the following is NOT an appropriate response to having a decreased body temperature?
A) blood vessels in skin constrict
B) swear glands decrease production of sweat
C) skeletal muscles start shivering
D) more blood is diverted to the skin
E) all of the above are appropriate responses

A

D

46
Q 
Where is your body's THERMOSTAT located?
A) arm pits
B) hypothalamus
C) blood vessels
D) heart
E) sweat glands
A

B

47
Q 
Child birth was discussed in lecture as an example of:
A) homeostasis
B) evolutionary regulation
C) positive feedback
D) negative feedback
E) "function follows form"
A

C

48
Q

Changes in circulatory system function have virtually no effect on the respiratory system. T/F?

A

False

49
Q 
Roughly what is the percentage of people in the US that is considered obese?
A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 20%
D) 33%
E) 67%
A

D

50
Q 
You are hiking outside of Jackson Hole, WY and spot a thin coyote ( a carnivore) eating fruit dropped from a nearby tree. This is an example of:
A) dietary confusion
B) opportunistic feeding
C) natural selection
D) assimilation
E) herbivorous conversion
A

B

51
Q

All organisms that live in the ocean are suspension feeders. T/F?

A

False

52
Q 
Which two hormones work in opposite manners to regulate blood glucose levels?
A) insulin and ghrelin
B) ghrelin and PYY
C) insulin and PYY
D) leptin and glucagon
E) glucagon and insulin
A

E

53
Q 
A mouse that cannot make leptin will \_\_\_\_\_ than a mouse that is able to make leptin.
A) eat more and weigh more
B) eat more but weigh less
C) eat the same but weigh more
D) eat less and weigh less
E) eat less but weigh more
A

A

54
Q 
A mouse that cannot make leptin will \_\_\_\_\_ than a mouse that is able to make leptin.
A) eat more and weigh more
B) eat more but weigh less
C) eat the same but weigh more
D) eat less and weigh less
E) eat less but weigh more
A

A

55
Q 
Which area of the digestive system would be expected to have the most ACIDIC environment?
A) colon
B) stomach
C) ileum
D) oral cavity
E) duodenum
A

B

56
Q

Which of the following nutrients enters the lymphatic system?
A) carbohydrates
B) minerals
C) proteins
D) fats
E) both proteins and fats enter the lymphatic system

A

D

57
Q

The “Thrifty Gene Hypotheses” was discussed in lecture in the context of:
A) the increase in heart disease
B) binding of oxygen by respiratory pigments
C) marasmus
D) the obesity epidemic
E) the apparent value of Dr. Messina’s lectures

A

D

58
Q

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the intake of amino acids in the diet?
A) Approximately half of the 20 amino acids are considered essential.
B) If you eat a diet that contains animal products, you will get all the amino acids necessary.
C) Eating corn and beans will provide a human with all the essential amino acids
D) The essential amino acids are identical for adults and children.
E) all of the above statements are true

A

D

59
Q 
Which of the following vitamins is LEAST LIKE the others?
A) vitamin A
B) vitamin B6
C) vitamin K
D) vitamin D
E) vitamin E
A

B

60
Q

The group of minerals that are considered macro-minerals are those that are more directly involved in cell signaling than the trace minerals. T/F?

A

True

61
Q 
Generally speaking, the more plant products a species eats, the larger one would expect their \_\_\_\_ to be.
A) esophagus
B) stomach
C) duodenum
D) colon
E) cecum
A

E

62
Q 
To leave the digestive tract, a substance must cross a cell membrane. During which stage of food processing does this take place?
A) ingestion
B) hydrolysis
C) absorption
D) elimination
E) digestion
A

C

63
Q 
Constipation is generally a problem involving function of which structure in the digestive system?
A) appendix
B) duodenum
C) ileum
D) colon
E) rectum
A

D

64
Q

According to research in SPECIFIC HUNGERS, if you were to make a rat deficient in dietary calcium, that rat would subsequently try to:
A) become hyperphagic (eat more food)
B) ingest more calcium in the diet
C) increase ingestion of all macro minerals in the diet
D) ingest more macro minerals and trace minerals in the diet
E) grow wings and start singing, “I believe I can fly”

A

B

65
Q 
A typhlosole is a fold in the intestine in an earthworm that helps increase its surface area. What structure in our digestive system has this same general function?
A) gizzard
B) cardiac orifice
C) villi
D) lacteals
E) chylomicrons
A

C

66
Q 
Which of the following is the correct order for the movement of food through the digestive system in a ruminant?
A) rumen > reticulum > omasum > abomasum
B) rumen > reticulum > abomasum > omasum
C) reticulum > rumen > omasum > abomasum
D) reticulum > rumen > abomasum > omasum
A

A

67
Q 
In sphygmomanometry, the point at which all sounds will disappear corresponds to the:
A) heart rate
B) diastolic pressure
C) systolic pressure
D) cardiac output
E) pressure in the arterioles
A

B

68
Q 
In sphygmomanometry, the point at which all sounds will disappear corresponds to the:
A) heart rate
B) diastolic pressure
C) systolic pressure
D) cardiac output
E) pressure in the arterioles
A

B

69
Q 
The types of circulatory system found in jellyfish is known as a:
A) open circulatory system
B) meoglea
C) closed circulatory system
D) radial circulatory system
E) gastrovascular cavity
A

E

70
Q

As discussed in lecture, what is the likeliest explanation of what happened physiologically to the fainting person (at the wedding)?
A) he is anemic
B) his respiratory pump stopped working
C) his skeletal pump is inactive
D) he has varicose veins
E) he came to the realization his sister is marrying Dr. Messina

A

C

71
Q 
Blood from the pulmonary vein next enters what structure?
A) lungs
B) left atrium
C) right atrium
D) pulmonary trunk
E) capillaries of the head
A

B

72
Q 
Stroke volume is most closely associated with which structure in the cardiovascular system?
A) left ventricle
B) right ventricle
C) left atrium
D) right atrium
E) aorta
A

A

73
Q

When the ventricles are relaxed, the semilunar valves are closed. T/F?

A

True

74
Q

If an area of the body has high metabolic activity, the precapillary sphincters in this area will be contracted. T/F?

A

False

75
Q 
In humans, the name for the respiratory pigment is:
A) oxygen
B) iron
C) hemoglobin
D) hemocyanin
E) both C and D
A

C

76
Q 
The pacemaker cells that control the respiratory rate are located in the:
A) brain stem
B) lungs
C) heart
D) carotid arteries
E) diaphragm
A

A

77
Q

Which of the following explains why birds do not have a problem with residual volume?
A) most gas exchange on the surface of their skin, not in the lungs
B) air moves only one direction through the lungs
C) they are an example of positive pressure breathing animal
D) they typically fly at high altitudes
E) their alveoli are thinner and moister than that of humans

A

B

78
Q 
A decrease in the pressure in the thoracic cavity results in air moving \_\_\_\_\_ the lungs because the volume of the lungs has \_\_\_\_\_.
A) into / decreased
B) out of / decreased
C) into / increased
D) out of / increased
A

C

79
Q

Where in the circulatory/respiratory system is the concentration (partial pressure) of oxygen the lowest?
A) alveolar spaces
B) blood entering the tissue capillaries
C) blood leaving the tissue capillaries
D) blood leaving the alveolar capillaries
E) both D and E are correct

A

C

BIOL 1620 (12 decks)

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