exam 1 Flashcards
Thoracic Wall : Surface Anatomy
1-clavicle
2-nipple
3-sternal angle
4-costal margin
1-attaches to manubrium of sternum—sternal notch is depression between r. & left sternoclavicular joints at level of T2 vertebra
2-male is superficial to 4th intercostal space
3-site of union between anubrium & sternal body at level of T4 vertebra & site of articulation of 2nd rib
4-formed by costal cartialges of rib 7-10 & xiphoid process
1-thoracic skeleton
2-ribs
3-bony rib structure
1-formed by vertebral column, ribs & sternum
2-bony rib & costal cartilage: 12 per side…1 rib w/ T1 vertebra 2nd w/ T2 and etc
3-head has 2 facets that articulate w/ vertebra…Rib 2 articulates w/ superior (T1) and same numbered (T2)
- neck
- costal tubercle—articulates w/ transverse process of like numbered vertebra 2 w/ T2
- Body (shaft) w/ angle—curvature of rib—smooth superior border, inferior border has costal groove w/ nerves & BV
- shaft attaches too costal cartilage (costochondral junction)
Rib Types
1-true
2-false
3-floating
—–4- sternum
5-superior thoracic aperture
6-inferior thoracic aperture
1-Ribs 1-7—attach directly to sternum via costal cartilage
2-Ribs 8-12—attach indirectly to sternum via costal cartilages of superior ribs
3-Ribs 11 & 12—no anterior attachment & terminate w/in musculature of ab wall
4-manubrium, body & xiphhoid process
5-upper boundary of thoracic cavity…by T1, 1st ribs & manubrium—superior lobes of lungs expand into space
6-formed by T12, ribs 11-12 & costal margin—attachhment site for thoracic diaphragm= forms floor of thoracic cavity & roof of ab cavity
1-articulations
2-costovertebral
3-costotransverse
4-sternocostal
5-interchondral
6-costochondral
1-joints of bony elements of thoracic wall for movememnts w/ respiration—SYNOVIAL except for **1st sternocostal & all costochondral **those are synchondroses
2-between head of rib, 2 adjacent veretbrae & Intervertebral disc===synovial
3-between rib tubercle & transverse process of like numbered rib (inferior)===synovial
4-between costal cartilage of ribs 1-7 & sternum = synovial EXCEPT for 1st= synchondrosis
5-between costal cartilages of ribs 6-10===synovial
6-between rib & costalcartilage &&& first costal cartilage & sternum===synchondrosis
Functions of thoracic wall
1-protection
2-respiration
3-quiet inspiration
4-quiet expiration
5-forced inspiration
6-forced expiration
1-protects underlying viscera—lungs, heart & neurovas
2-framework for respiration—expands during inspiration—superioinferior height increases while thoracic diaphragm descends
- –rib elevation increases the transverse dimensions of thoracic wall (bucket handle)
- –sternum elevation= inc anteroposterior dimension (pump)
3-done by thoracic diaphragm—intercostal muscles stiffen thoracic wall & assist w/ rib elevation
4-passive recoil of lungs & thoracic cavity, diaphragm relaxes & ascends
5- assisted by accessory muscles assist w/ elevation of wall
6-contraction of ab muscles= inc in intraab & intrathoracic pressure…depressing lower ribs
1-intercostal muscles
2-external intercostal muscle
3-inernal intercostal muscle
4-innermost intercostal muscle
1-in intercostal space between adjaent ribs—3 layers for respiration
2-superficial—run inferomedial (\/) from 1 rib to next…posteriorly near rib tubercle & extends anteriorly= less fibrous & more membranous near costochondral
3-deep to external…fibers go inferolaterally (/) from 1 rib to next—anteriorly at sternum and then membranous at angle of rib
4-deep to internal intercostal & fibers run in same direction…only in lateral portions of wall…doesnt go anteriorly towards sternum or posteriorly towards vertebrae
1-subcostal muscle
2-transversus thoracis muscle
3-serraturus posterior superior/inferior & levatores costarum
1-w/in thoracic cavity adjacent to vertebral colum…angle of rib to inner surface of rib. span 2-3 spaces—fibers in same diretion as internal intercostal )
2-deep to sternum—from body of sternum & xiphpid process and goes superiorly & laterally to instert onto costal cartilages of ribs 2-6
-internal thoracic artery is pinned to posterior side of breastplate by transversus thoracic
3-deep back—respiration
Nerves of Thoracic Wall
1-intercostal nerves are ventral rami T1-T11 w/in intercostal spaces
-intercostal nn go anteriorly between internal & innermost intercostal w/in groove on inferior surface of rib
2-2 branches off of intercostal n
- –lateral cutaneous= lateral aspect of trunk
- –anterior cutaneous= term branch that pierces overlying musculature lateral to sternum to supply anterior trunk wall
-intercostal nn T7-11 exit intercostal space when costal cartilages go superiorly—continue anteriorly to innervate ab mm. ventral ramus of T12 (subcostal n) courses and innervateds anterior ab wall
1-Blood supply of thoracic wall—intercostal arteries
2-veins
posterior & anterior intercostal aa that anastomose
posterior are branches of aorta & costocervical trunk and give rise to lateral cutaneous branches
- internal thoracic a goes inferiorly on deep surface of rib near sternum—anterior are branches of internal thoracic and go lateral to sternum
- –internal thoracic divides near 6th costal cartilage into the superior epigastirc & musculophrenic a.
2-w/ arteries and located superior to artery in intercostal space—from superior to inferior= VAN (veins, arteries, nerve)
- drain into azygos venous system
- if procedure= penetration of intercostal space happens near superior margin of lower rib to protect neurovasculature w/in costal groove along inferior margin of upper rib
1-Mammary Gland
2-in females
3-lobules
4-suspensory ligaments
5-lactiferous ducts
6-areola
1-breasts—modified sweatglands- composed of glandular tissue & fat
-w/in superficial fascia…separated from deep pectoral fascia by retromammary space—potential space occupied by loose CT & mobile against wall
2-has circular base & axillary tail (o spence) that goes to armpit
3-has 20 lobules of glandular tissue arranged radially like orange segments
4-lobules separated by fibrous CT that are firmly attached to deep surface of dermis
5-lonule drained by single lactiferous duct—into dilated lactiferous sinus—like spokes on wheel, converging on nipple—elevated papilla that has SM fibers that contract to comrpess ducts
6-pigmented region that surrounds nipple, contains numerous sebaceous glands whos secretions lubricate nipple during lactation
1-blood supply of mammary
2-lymph drainage of mammary
1-from arteries supplying pec & thoracic wall
- medial mammary—branches perforating arteries from internal thoracic a
- lateral mammary—branches of lateral cutaneous, lateral thoracic & pectoral branches from thoracoacromial
- –venous drainage—through tributaries of axillary v, has some via tributaries of internal thoracic v
2-metastasis of cancer cells
- lymph from lateral portion of breast drains to axillary lymph node via pectoral nodes (lateral thoracic v=75%)
- lymph from medial & inferior drain into parasternal lymph nodes—drain to opposite breast or ab nodes
- from axillary nodes, lymph is filtered through infra/supraclavicular nodes and then into subclavian lymph trunk and back into venous
1-Mammary Innervation
2-Breast Cancer
a-dimpling
b-depression/inversion of nipple
c-peau d’orange
d-fixation of breast
1-somatic & autonomic innervation of breast is via lateral & anterior cutaneous branches of 4-6th intercostal n
2-2nd leading cause of cacner deaths in women
2a- infiltration of cancer cells among suspensory ligaments= shorten & put traction on overlying skin
2b-result of cancer cells infiltrating among lactiferous ducts
2c-impeded lymph drainage may cause localized skin edema= thickened & puffy w/ prominent pores…like rind of orange
2d-tumors w/in retromamammary space & deep pectoral fascia, fixing breast to pectoral wall so breast elevate w/ contraction of pectoral muscles
1-Thoracic Diaphragm
2-boundaries
3-vertebral origin: r. crus
4-vertebral origin: l. crus
1-thin voluntary muscle that partitions the thoracic & ab cavities
- dome structure, right side= higher than left bc of underlying liver
- central tendon= aponeurosis where anterior & posterior muscle fibers insert—C shaped w/ anterior convexity
2-originates from inferior thoracic aperture
- –sternal origin from xiphoid process
- –costal origin from lower 6 costal cartilages & lower 2 bony ribs
3-from 1st 3 lumbar vertebral bodies & discs—larger & longer than left crus & surrounds esophageal hiatus
4-from 1st 2 lumbar vertebral bodies & discs—contributes to esophageal hiatus
Arcuate ligaments
1-median (unpaired)
2-medial (r & l)
3- lateral (r & l)
innervation of thoracic
4-phrenic nerve
5-T6-11 intercostal & subcostal T12
1-between crura & bounds aortic hiatus
2-between vertebral bodies & 1st lumbar transverse process—overlies psoas major m
3-between 1st lumbar transverse & 12th rib, overlies quadratus lumborum m
4-main suply= all motor supply & some sensory everywhere (except peripheral parts)
- ventral rami of C3-C5—C3,4,5 keep diaphragm alive
- descends on each side of pericardial sac anterior to root of lung, pierces diaphragm & branches along inferior surface
5-supplies periphery of diaphragm
-mostly sensory, but some motor fibers
Blood Supply
1-superior
2-inferior
1-faces thoracic cavity
- superior phrenic aa- branches of aorta, supply posterior portion
- pericardiacophrenic & musculophrenic= branches of internal thoracic, supply anterior & central portions
- lower 6 posterior intercostal & subcostal arteries supplying lateral portions
2-faces ab cavity—inferior phrenic a from aorta supply inferior surface of diaphragm
Structures piercing diaphragm
1-inferior vena cava—through vena caval foramen in central tendon at T8 verebral level
2-esophagus via the esophageal hiatus at T10—accompanied by anterior & posterior vagal trunks CN10
lower esophage sphincter constricts when diaphragm contracts= prevents regurgitation
3-aorta via aortic hiatus under median arcuate ligament at T12—accompanied by thoracic duct & azygos vein
1-section of phrenic nerve
2-hiccups
1-complete paralysis & atrophy of half of diaphragm
- accessory phrenic nerve from C5 joins phrenic nerve more inferiorly, preventing paralysis
- during normal inspiration both sides of diaphragm descend(contracts) as lungs expand—if 1 side is paralzyed then it will ascend during inspiration bc of inc pressure from unaffected side
2-involuntary spasmodic contractions of diaphragm= sudden inhalations interrupted by closure of glottis
-bc of indigestation, diaphragm irritation, alcoholism, cerebral, thoracic, ab elsions…distrub phrenic nerve
1-referred pain
2-rupture of diaphragm
1-from diaphragm—pain from superior portion may be referred to other regions supplied by C3-5 (shoulders)
-from peripheral regions of diaphragm= localized & referred to nearby regions of thoracoab wall supplied by ventral rami of T6-T12
2-and herniation of viscera—inc in either intrathoracic or intra ab pressure= bc of trauma
- ruptures are mor common on l. side bc the liver= barrier on right side and lumbocostal triangle, non muscular gap between lumbar & costal parts of diaphragm—-l. side is weaker
- stomach, intesitins, mesentary & spleen may herniate into thorax
1-pleura
2-visceral pleura
3-parietal pleura
3a=costal pleura
b=diaphragmatic pleura
c=mediastinal pleura
d=cervical pleura
1-closed serous membrane enveloping lung & lining thoracic cavity—lung= invaginated into pleural sac
2-inseparable from surface of lung and extending into fissures—innervated by visceral afferent fibers supplying lung & insensitive to pain
3-in contact w/ thoracic wal and diphragm
- –subdivisions are named by what the structures contact
- –supplied by somatic afferent fibers carried by intercostal & phrenic nerves & highly sensitive to pain
3a-contacts ribs and intercostal muscle
3b-contacts superior surface of diaphragm
3c-contacts structures of mediastinum
3d-dome of pleura that extends though superior thoracic aperture superior to 1st rib
1-pain in pleura
2-pleural cavity
3-inflammation of pleura
1-pain in costal pleura & peripheral portions of diaphragmatic plerua are referred to adjacent thoraco-ab wall…pain in mediastinal pleura & central portion of diaphragmatic pleura= referred to lower neck and shoulder
2-closed potential space between visceral & parietal pleurae
- pleural cavity contains thin layer of of serous fluid that acts as lubcricant and facilitates free movememnt of lungs
- lungs dont lie in pleural cavity
3-pleuritis or pleurisy—roughens surfaces= friction on respiration…audible through stethoscope as pleural fremitus (pleural rub)…inflam lead toa ccum of serous fluid in pleural cavity (pleural effusion) visible in radiographs
1-pleural reflections
2-sternal line
3-costal line
4-pericardiocentesis
1-regions of transitions between diff portions of parietal pleura—projected onto body wall= lines of pleura reflection and mark boudnaries of pleural sac
2-anterior reflection of costal pleura to mediastinal pleura= border of costomediastinal recess—parallel to lateral margins of sternum
-at level of 5th intercostal spcae and l. sternal line deviates to l. leaving the pericardial sac in contact w/ anterior thoracic wall
3-inferior reflection of costal pleura to diaphragmatic pleura= inferior border of costodiphragmatic recess
- costal line slopes inferiorly & posteriorly
- base of lung located 2 ribs superior to costal line
4-insertion of neddle into pericardial sac to draw off fluis…via l. 5th intercostal space—needle inserted to l. of l. sternal margin will pass through bare area f pericardium w/o encountering parietal pleura
1-pleura recesses
2-costodiaphragmatic recess
3-costomediastinal recess
4-pleurocentesis or pleural tap
1-regions of contact between diff portions of parietal pleura…potential spaces that accomodate expansion of lungs during deep inspiration
2-between costal & diaphragmatic pleurae—inferior region of pleural cavity & frequent site of fluid accum
3-between costal & mediastinal pleurae, adjacent & posterior to sternum
4-bc lungs dont fully occupy pleural sac, needle safely inserted into costodiaphragmatic recess to draw off lfuid…must be careful not to go too deep & hit liver
Lung
1-base
2-apex
3-costal surface
4-mediastinal surface
5-hilus
6-root
7-pleural sleeve
8-pulmonary ligament
1-rests on superior surface of thoracoab diaphragm
2-extends into root of neck superior to 1st rib
3-located posteriorly & laterally
4-located medially
5-indentation on mediastinal surface that transmits structures connecting lung to mediastinum
6-structures that connect lung to mediastinum= root of lung—primary bronchus, arteries/veins, nerves, & lymph
7-mediastinal pleura & visceral pleura continuous at hilus, making a sleeve that encloses structures of root
8-bilaminar fold of pleura extending inferiorly from pleural sleeve
1-R. Lung
2-L. Lung
1-shorter broader & heavier than l.
3 lobes= superior, middle, & inferior
2 fissures= horizontal & oblique
2-taller & narrower than r. lung
2 lobes= superior & inferior…separated by single oblique fissure
cardiac notch= accomodates heart
lingula=tongue like projection of superior lobe just inferior to cardiac notch…corresponds to middle lobe of r. lung
C=conc of gas dissolved...Px=partial pressure alpha= solubity - O2 solubility= 0.003/100mL - at arterial PO2 of 100= 0.3 O2/100 mL - at venous PO2 of 40= 0.1 O2/100 mL - when Hb is 100% saturated as in arterial blood, 1 gram of Hb will hold 1.34 mL of O2---conc of Hb in blood= 15 g Hb/100mL----can be reduced w/ anemia or inc w/ blood doping or erythropoietin - -- O2 content= (1.34 \* Hb conc \* SO2) + (0.003 \* PO2) - --O2 capacity=(1.34 \* Hb conc \* 100) + (0.003 \* PO2) ---capacity is at MAX amt of O2 carried in blood