Exam 1

Question 1

Proximal influences are things that:

Answer 1

directly influence a child

Question 2

the idea that a specific cause can lead to multiple different outcomes

Answer 2

multifinality

Question 3

the idea that multiple different causes can have the same outcome

Answer 3

equifinality

Question 4

the environment or social influences on development

Answer 4

nurture

Question 5

the processes by which individuals learn to function in and adapt to their environment; change over time in response to one’s environment

Answer 5

social development

Question 6

states that the bond between parents and children during the first few years can be used to predict later outcomes

Answer 6

attachment theory

Question 7

being influenced by multiple causal factors

Answer 7

multidetermined

Question 8

divides mental processes into 3 parts:the id (unconscious impulses), the ego (conscious control), and the superego (unconscious thoughts about what is morally right)

Answer 8

psychodynamic theory

Question 9

the biological or genetic influences on development

Answer 9

nature

Question 10

describe how children learn from their environment and include classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning theory

Answer 10

behavioral theories

Question 11

Which of the following theories or families of theories suggests that socialization is influenced mainly by the quality of the bond between parents and children in early childhood?

A. biological theories
B. behavioral theories
C. attachment theory
D. psychodynamic theory

Answer 11

attachment theory

Question 12

What term represents the idea that multiple, different causes may be responsible for a single outcome?

Answer 12

equifinality

Question 13

Billy was a bad boy at school today. He bit his teacher and several other students. The teacher called his mother, Pam, who was infuriated by his behavior. Consequently, she bit Billy when he got home to teach him not to bite others. In this situation, Pam’s biting Billy best represents a:

Answer 13

positive punishment

Question 14

When one thing in a system changes and the other parts of the system adapt to accomodate that change, the system is attempting to maintain:

Answer 14

homeostasis

Question 15

In this course, we define development as ________, which means that development occurs throughout the lifespan.

Answer 15

change

Question 16

Within social ecological models of development, family is conceptualized as a/an:

Answer 16

microsystem

Question 17

In contrast to many other types of theories, Bronfenbrenner’s social ecological theory set out to maximize:

Answer 17

ecological validity

Question 18

Family systems theories suggest that problems in development arise when developmental transitions occur and families:

Answer 18

fail to reorganize

Question 19

A child with an aggressive parent experiences abuse early in life, which leads to poor outcomes later. This represents a(n) ______ GxE interaction.

Answer 19

passive

Question 20

A hierarchial structure within a family system means that some subsystems have more _______ than others.

Answer 20

status

Question 21

Family is defined as including:

Answer 21

anyone a person defines as family

Question 22

In ______ GxE interactions, genetic predispositions influence children’s selection of their own environments.

Answer 22

active

Question 23

Which statement below is true of the way the influence G x E interactions changes over time?

A. Active effects become less important.
B. Passive effects become less important.
C. Evocative effects become less important.
D. Evocative effects become more important.

Answer 23

Passive effects become less important.

Question 24

Temperment is defined as a child’s ______.

Answer 24

typical behavior patterns

Question 25

What element in Scarr and McCartney’s diagram represents developmental outcomes?

Answer 25

Pc

Question 26

On which types of outcomes do poor people do worse than people from higher socioeconomic groups?

Answer 26

mental health, medical problems, educational achievement

Question 27

Resources a child or family has in terms of skills and knowledge are called _________.

Answer 27

human capital

Question 28

Physical discipline is more likely to be used by _____ families because it ________.

Answer 28

poor; reduces short-term misbehavior

Question 29

Poverty can best be described as:

Answer 29

an intergenerational cycle

Question 30

Which type of intervention targets youths who are currently exhibiting mild to moderate levels of problems?

Answer 30

indicated