Exam 1 Flashcards
List and describe the 4 display types
- fixed- static; paper with pictures on it (doesn’t change)
- dynamic- screen changes; food screen, activity screen, etc.
- hybrid- combo; display can change but limited as to how
- visual scene- hot spots on screen; contextual pictures- 1 page with many pictures relating to a topic
What are the physical characteristics of selection of set displays?
- number of items: how many items can they choose from? 4 pictures per field? 10? 30?
- size: what size the icons need to be for them to see/use them
- spacing/arrangement: aware of client’s field of vision so they can see all icons
- orientation: in relation to the FLOOR; so if reclined wheelchair, need to tilt the screen
List the selection techniques
- direct selection
- scanning
Name the 6 aspects of cognitive/communication relevant to AAC
- awareness
- communicative intent
- world knowledge
- memory
- symbolic representation
- metacognitive skills
4 purposes of communication (plus Beukelman’s 5th) are…
- expression of needs/wants
- information transfer
- social closeness
- social etiquette
- communicating with oneself/internal dialogue
List some opportunity barriers
- policy barriers: legislative/regulatory decisions
- practice barriers: procedures common in a family, school, workplace
- knowledge barriers: lack of info (parents think AAC= no more talking)
- skills barriers: facilitators have difficulty with actual implementation of AAC technique
- attitude barriers
List some access barriers
- lack of mobility
- manipulation of objects
- management of objects
- cognitive functions
- literacy problems
- sensory-perceptual impairments
List the 6 principles of assessment for seating and positioning
- use yourself as a reference
- ensure stable base
- decrease influence of atypical muscle tone
- accommodate fixed deformities and correct flexible deformities
- provide the least amount of intervention needed to achieve the greatest level of function
- provide support for resting
What are the communicative competencies?
- linguistic competence
- operational competence
- social competence
- strategic competence
Define the following:
- symbol
- referent
- iconicity
- symbol: something that stands for/represents something else
- referent: the something else (the item the picture is showing)
- iconicity: any association an individual forms between a symbol and its referent
What are the 3 types of iconicity?
- transparent
- translucent
- opaque
T/F translucent iconicity is depicted in such a way that meaning of symbol can be readily guessed in absence of referent
false; transparent
What is translucent iconicity? Opaque?
- translucent: meaning of referent may or may not be obvious but relationship can be perceived between symbol and referent once meaning is provided
- opaque: no relationship is perceived even when meaning of symbol is known
T/F aided symbols require assistance and are black and white drawings
true
What are unaided symbols?
- do not require assistance
- facial expressions, manual signs, natural speech
What are combined sets?
incorporate use of aided and unaided elements
What is the speech rate for individuals without disabilities?
150-250 wpm
Communication rates for AAC users are ____ times slower than individuals without disabilities
15-25x slower
Describe the 4 phases of assessment
- referral for AAC assessment
- Initial assessment and intervention (today)- team assesses current communication interaction needs and other capabilities, gather sufficient info to match system with the individual
- detailed assessment (tomorrow)- development of robust communication system, for a variety of environments now and in the future
- follow-up assessment- maintaining comprehensive and adaptive AAC system
Describe linguistic competence
-receptive and expressive language skills of the individual’s L1
Describe operational competence
-technical skills needed to operate the AAC system accurately and efficiently
Describe social competence
-skills of social interaction such as initiating, maintaining, developing, and terminating communication interactions
Describe strategic competence
-use of compensatory strategies by AAC users to deal with functional limitations
List the different messages of conversation
- greetings
- small talk
- narration
- procedural descriptions
- content specific conversations
- wrap-up and farewell
Central goals of AAC: provide individuals with the opportunity and capability to…. (6)
- to communicate messages so they can interact in conversation
- to participate in communication at home, school, work and during recreational activities
- to learn their native language(s)
- to establish and maintain their social roles
- to meet their personal needs
- to communicate accurately to guide their personal and medical care
Differentiate core and fringe vocabulary
- core vocab: words and messages that are commonly used by a variety of individuals and occur very frequently
- fringe vocab: words and messages that are specific or unique to the individual (names of specific people, locations, activities, preferred expression etc.)
List unaided symbols
- gestures
- vocalizations (voluntary and involuntary
- manual sign systems (sign language)
List aided symbols
- tangible symbols (real objects, miniature objects, partial objects)
- pictorial symbols (photos, line-drawing symbols)
- orthography and orthographic symbols (braille, fingerspelling)
Besides assessing an individual’s current communication skills, what else will you be assessing?
- cognitive/communication
- symbol
- language
- literacy/spelling
- sensory/perception
- hearing
Cerebral Palsy primary characteristic, most common type
- primarily experience difficulty with motor skills, which vary depending on the location of the brain lesion
- most common = spastic CP results in hypertonia
What types of communication impairments to individuals with CP experience?
- articulation disorders and impaired speech intelligibility (oral articulation difficulties that result from restricted movement in the oral-facial muscles)
- language delays/disorders
- poor respiratory control (as a result of muscle weakness)
- laryngeal and velopharyngeal dysfunction
CP visual problems?
eye muscle imbalances, visual field cuts, visual-perceptual problems, and/or loss of visual acuity (especially farsightedness)
-any of these can significantly affect educational and communication programming
What should AAC professionals be familiar with when assessing someone with CP?
- positioning and seating in order to ensure optimal stability
- be familiar with a wide range of communication options since individuals with CP are so individualized
What type of AAC decisions would be affected since visual acuity and visual-perception are impaired for persons with CP?
-size, spacing, and figure-ground contrast of the symbols chosen for communication
Name the different types of CP
- spastic
- dyskinetic
- ataxic
- dystonic
- mixed
Define hypertonia, diplegia, hemiplegia, and quadriplegia
- hypertonia: increased muscle tone
- diplegia: legs are more affected then arms
- hemiplegia: weakness on one side of the body
- quadriplegia: all four limbs and trunk
Dyskinetic CP characteristics
- involuntary muscle movements
- changing patterns of muscle tone throughout the day
Ataxic CP characteristics
- increased/decreased muscle tone
- balance and positioning of trunk and limbs
- wide-based, unsteady gait
- poor arm/head control
Dystonic CP
rigid posturing of neck/trunk
Mixed CP
multiple motor patterns
Three issues require special attention from AAC teams that plan and implement AAC interventions for people with CP, what are they?
- use of team approach
- need for balanced interventions
- the need to plan ahead for adulthood
Persons with ID were recognized as appropriate candidates for AAC in what year?
mid 1980s
Three issues require special attention from AAC teams that plan and implement AAC interventions for people with ID, what are they?
- opportunity barriers
- relationship between communication and problem behavior
- diversity of needs with this population
Three issues require special attention from AAC teams that plan and implement AAC interventions for people with ASD, what are they?
- early intervention
- social contexts
- use of speech generating devices (SGDs)
What are the two classifications of deaf-blindness
- congenitally deaf-blind: experienced onset of losses between birth and age 2
- acquired deaf-blindness: loss occurs later in life
Children with AOS often show signs of significant _____
language delays
Describe the levels of the Multitier AAC Model for CAS
- Traditional AAC- unintelligible speech, one word utterances, unable to communicate effectively
- AAC for supplementation- produce single-word intelligibility but not multi-word phrases/sentences
- AAC for communication breakdowns- occasional communication breakdowns at the word or phrase level
- AAC for academics and literacy- phonological difficulties, fine motor planning problems
- AAC for practice- home speech practice
Describe the type of scanning: circular
device speaks pictures in a circular pattern
Describe the type of scanning: linear
device speaks in lines across field
Describe the type of scanning: group-item
categories
Describe the type of scanning: directed/inverse
hold button down then let go- selection is on RELEASE of button
Describe the type of scanning: automatic/regular
scanning starts, when you see one you want, press button, selection is on DEPRESSION of button
Describe the type of scanning: step
press button to scan everything, press 1, 2, 3, 4 times
What type of differences may affect the topics and vocab words that an individual uses during interactions?
gender, age, cultural differences
Vocabulary requirements of preliterate individuals can be divided into two categories, what are they?
- vocab that is needed to communicate essential messages
2. vocab that is needed to develop language skills
What is coverage vocabulary?
vocab that is needed to communicate essential messages
What is developmental vocabulary?
words the individual does no know yet that encourage language and vocab growth
Messages selected for nonliterate individuals are nearly always chosen from a ____ rather than a _____ perspective
functional/developmental
How do we accommodate messages that require careful timing in order to be appropriate?
usually store them in their entirety
Ex: please pick up my feet before you roll my wheelchair forward
T/F AAC teams should consult multiple informants to obtain the best possible list of fringe words
true
What are affect displays?
facial expressions or body movements that display emotional states
Which aided pictorial symbol is the most widely used line drawing system for communication around the world?
Picture communication symbols (PCS)
What is an example of a truncation code?
abbreviate words according to the first few letters only
hamb=hamburger, comm=communication
What is an example of a contraction code?
include only the most salient letters
hmbgr=hamburger, cmunctn=communication
Name that code: comm1 = communication, comm2 = communication, comm3 = community
alphanumeric word codes
Name that code: 13 = yesterday, 24 = hello
numeric encoding
Name that code: series of dots and dashes to represent letters, numbers, punctuation
Morse code
Name that code: (F = fruit, D= drinks) FA= apple, FB= banana, DC = coffee, DM= milk
letter-category word codes
Name that code: OD = please open the door for me
alpha (letter) encoding
Name that code: an apple icon might be associated with food, fruit, snack, red, and round; a sun icon might be used to refer to weather, yellow, hot, summer, and noon; clock might represent time, numbers, and daily schedule
Iconic encoding
