Exam 1 Flashcards
- a molecule whose shape triggers the production of antibodies
- a foreign substance capable of triggering an immune response in an organism
antigen
- major function of immune system and is carried out by B cell (type of WBC)
antibody
disease- producing ability of a pathogen
virulence
transmission of disease by contact
contagion
capable of being transmitted
communicable
capable of being transmitted, with or without contact
infectious
continuously present in the population of a given area
endemic
sudden outbreak of infectious disease in a population
epidemic
widespread epidemic across many countries
pandemic
the branch of medicine that deals with the study of causes, distribution, and control of disease in population
epidemiology
new cases of diseases that just developed in a specific population over an observed period of time
incidence
existing cases of disease that been in a certain population
prevalence
the process of introducing an antigenic substance or vaccine into the body to trigger immune response against a specific disease
inoculation
- to immunize against viral diseases
- injection of a killed microbe in order to stimulate the immune system against the microbe, therefore preventing disease
vaccination
determination of which 2 or more diseases with similar symptoms is the one from which the patient is suffering
differential diagnosis
name some types of diseases
- viral
- bacterial
- autoimmune
- fungal
- parasitic
- prion
- genetic
what are first line of defenses?
- cough
- mucus
- skin
- stomach acid
what does T cells do?
attack antigens
what does B cells do?
form antibodies to fight against specific antigens
what are the 3 basic time frames in human evolution respect to diseases?
- nomadic
- sedentary
- scientific age
- snail fever
- from contaminated fresh water in which certain types of snails that carries schistosomes live
schistosomiasis
what kinds of diseases would NOT affect humans in small, isolated group?
- influenza
- measles
- mumps
- smallpox
- lived in close contact with other humans
- closer contact with large amounts of human waste
sedentism
causes and effects of sedentism
- food spoilage
- inset bites increased because nests were disturbed
- measles
- mumps
all flu vaccines are to designed to protect against _______ viruses which are the most common flu viruses so far this season
2009 H1N1
what populations is most susceptible of the flu?
65 years and older
which type of influenza have been the most common in the US this season? (2014-2015)?
H3N2
what were the name of the 2 antiviral drugs for influenza (2014)?
- neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir
2. zanamivir
are single celled living organisms that can reproduce, require food and can live on their own
bacteria
- are much smaller than bacteria (can only be seen with a microscope)
- can’t survive on their own and needs a living host to survive
virus
during influenza what happens?
- virus attack cells
- virus attach to host cell and break in
- release genetic instructions in the host cell
- enzymes in host cell make genetic parts for new particles
- new particles ressemble into new viruses
- viruses break free from host cell- sometimes to destroy the cell membrane to get out (LYSIS),
- lysis- cell fluids are released
- viruses attack muscle cells
- body responds to a fever
influenza virus contains how many genes?
8 genes
spanish influenza of 1918 infected what age group?
young and healthy people
spanish influenza of 1918 causes what?
- pneumonia
- damages lining of lungs
- fluid escapes
- prevents oxygen and CO2 from moving in and out of the body
list some aspects of baloney detection
- get independent confirmation of the facts
- listen to debate by knowledgeable proponents of all points of view
- in science, there are no “authorities” whose arguments cannot be challenged
- develop multiple working hypothesis then test them
- don’t get overly attached to an idea
- quantify- measure
- if there is a chain of argument, every link in the chain must work
- occam’s razor- EQUAL hypothesis- choose the simpler one
- can the hypothesis be falsified?
- control experiments
- variables must be separated
- the observable physical or biochemical characteristic of an organism
- determined by genetic make up and environment
phenotype
genetic makeup as distinguished from the physical appearance of an organism or a group of organisms
genotype
a directional change in allele frequency relative to some specific environmental factors
natural selection
movement of genes between populations
INTERBREEDING
gene flow
- produced by RANDOM factors having nothing to do with the genetic make-up of the population
- bottleneck
gene drift
only way to produce “new” variation
- change in DNA bases
- change in chromosome number or structure
mutation
why don’t we see more mutations?
- 90% of our genome doesn’t encode for anything as far as we can tell
- mutation rates are very low
- mammalians have efficient repair system
- can get “crossing over” of parts of the chromosome meiosis
- changes the genetic combinations that natural selection can act on
recombination
