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Plagues, Pathogens and Policy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q
  • a molecule whose shape triggers the production of antibodies
  • a foreign substance capable of triggering an immune response in an organism
A

antigen

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2
Q
  • major function of immune system and is carried out by B cell (type of WBC)
A

antibody

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3
Q

disease- producing ability of a pathogen

A

virulence

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4
Q

transmission of disease by contact

A

contagion

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5
Q

capable of being transmitted

A

communicable

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6
Q

capable of being transmitted, with or without contact

A

infectious

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7
Q

continuously present in the population of a given area

A

endemic

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8
Q

sudden outbreak of infectious disease in a population

A

epidemic

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9
Q

widespread epidemic across many countries

A

pandemic

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10
Q

the branch of medicine that deals with the study of causes, distribution, and control of disease in population

A

epidemiology

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11
Q

new cases of diseases that just developed in a specific population over an observed period of time

A

incidence

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12
Q

existing cases of disease that been in a certain population

A

prevalence

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13
Q

the process of introducing an antigenic substance or vaccine into the body to trigger immune response against a specific disease

A

inoculation

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14
Q
  • to immunize against viral diseases
  • injection of a killed microbe in order to stimulate the immune system against the microbe, therefore preventing disease
A

vaccination

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15
Q

determination of which 2 or more diseases with similar symptoms is the one from which the patient is suffering

A

differential diagnosis

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16
Q

name some types of diseases

A
  • viral
  • bacterial
  • autoimmune
  • fungal
  • parasitic
  • prion
  • genetic
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17
Q

what are first line of defenses?

A
  • cough
  • mucus
  • skin
  • stomach acid
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18
Q

what does T cells do?

A

attack antigens

19
Q

what does B cells do?

A

form antibodies to fight against specific antigens

20
Q

what are the 3 basic time frames in human evolution respect to diseases?

A
  • nomadic
  • sedentary
  • scientific age
21
Q
  • snail fever

- from contaminated fresh water in which certain types of snails that carries schistosomes live

A

schistosomiasis

22
Q

what kinds of diseases would NOT affect humans in small, isolated group?

A
  • influenza
  • measles
  • mumps
  • smallpox
23
Q
  • lived in close contact with other humans

- closer contact with large amounts of human waste

A

sedentism

24
Q

causes and effects of sedentism

A
  • food spoilage
  • inset bites increased because nests were disturbed
  • measles
  • mumps
25
Q

all flu vaccines are to designed to protect against _______ viruses which are the most common flu viruses so far this season

A

2009 H1N1

26
Q

what populations is most susceptible of the flu?

A

65 years and older

27
Q

which type of influenza have been the most common in the US this season? (2014-2015)?

A

H3N2

28
Q

what were the name of the 2 antiviral drugs for influenza (2014)?

A
  1. neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir

2. zanamivir

29
Q

are single celled living organisms that can reproduce, require food and can live on their own

A

bacteria

30
Q
  • are much smaller than bacteria (can only be seen with a microscope)
  • can’t survive on their own and needs a living host to survive
A

virus

31
Q

during influenza what happens?

A
  • virus attack cells
  • virus attach to host cell and break in
  • release genetic instructions in the host cell
  • enzymes in host cell make genetic parts for new particles
  • new particles ressemble into new viruses
  • viruses break free from host cell- sometimes to destroy the cell membrane to get out (LYSIS),
  • lysis- cell fluids are released
  • viruses attack muscle cells
  • body responds to a fever
32
Q

influenza virus contains how many genes?

A

8 genes

33
Q

spanish influenza of 1918 infected what age group?

A

young and healthy people

34
Q

spanish influenza of 1918 causes what?

A
  • pneumonia
  • damages lining of lungs
  • fluid escapes
  • prevents oxygen and CO2 from moving in and out of the body
35
Q

list some aspects of baloney detection

A
  • get independent confirmation of the facts
  • listen to debate by knowledgeable proponents of all points of view
  • in science, there are no “authorities” whose arguments cannot be challenged
  • develop multiple working hypothesis then test them
  • don’t get overly attached to an idea
  • quantify- measure
  • if there is a chain of argument, every link in the chain must work
  • occam’s razor- EQUAL hypothesis- choose the simpler one
  • can the hypothesis be falsified?
  • control experiments
  • variables must be separated
36
Q
  • the observable physical or biochemical characteristic of an organism
  • determined by genetic make up and environment
A

phenotype

37
Q

genetic makeup as distinguished from the physical appearance of an organism or a group of organisms

A

genotype

38
Q

a directional change in allele frequency relative to some specific environmental factors

A

natural selection

39
Q

movement of genes between populations

INTERBREEDING

A

gene flow

40
Q
  • produced by RANDOM factors having nothing to do with the genetic make-up of the population
  • bottleneck
A

gene drift

41
Q

only way to produce “new” variation

  1. change in DNA bases
  2. change in chromosome number or structure
A

mutation

42
Q

why don’t we see more mutations?

A
  • 90% of our genome doesn’t encode for anything as far as we can tell
  • mutation rates are very low
  • mammalians have efficient repair system
43
Q
  • can get “crossing over” of parts of the chromosome meiosis

- changes the genetic combinations that natural selection can act on

A

recombination

Plagues, Pathogens and Policy (1 decks)

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