Exam 1 Flashcards
The Enlightenment
Period in 17th-18th century where there was dramatic revolutions in science, philosophy, society and politics- new modern world
Great Exhibition
London- celebration of modern industrial technology and design. the building “crystal palace” was built for the event - massive glass shed with cast iron frame
WWI architecture
Mies van der rohe
buildings were reduced to pure forms showing their construction and exposing the structure underneath
Werkbund Exhibition
Held in Germany.
World Fair for building. Focused on understanding mass production. I
mportant in the development of modern architecture and industrial design. collaborations between industry and architecture
New York zoning law 1916
restrictions to height of buildings making developers use set backs and restricting towers to a percentage of lot size
The great depression
low percentage of new housing only wealthy people could afford them
postwar building boom
housing for returning soldiers and their families. money now used for housing not war efforts.
lustron homes, levitt brothers, eichler homes
theory
form of representation. the explanation of thepractice
images of architecture
showing architecture though pictures can manipulate the image to represent the architecture in a certain way. Le Corbusier - cuts out things that arent important to represent his project as clean cut
construction of architecture
Semper- raw materials and process
Laugier- origin of architecture - hut made out of trees
Primitive Hut/Origin of Architecture
Laugier- interested in the origin- his primitive hut centered around bar minimum of materials and nature
Semper- His primitive hut about materiality
Ornament
Loos describes ornament as damaging to architecture- wasted labor and ruined material
Laugier
imitated natural processes in his architecture. Functionality of building
Semper
Focus on raw materials to form buildings. Walls important to separate interior and exterior
Loos
Updates Semper- architecture is not art. Craftsman and designer are different. Links between craft and industry. architecture should not be focused on ornamentation
Mass Production
Production of large amounts of standardized products- especially on assembly lines. Cars, houses etc.
Scientific Management (Taylorism)
Efficiency. theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows. Its main objective is to improve economic efficiency and labor productivity. It determined the best way for a worker to do the job, provide proper tools and training and incentives for good performance.
Efficiency
achieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or expense
Industrial Capitalism
factory system of production- division of labor- mass production
Prototype (Walter Gropius)
designed a prototype factory with Adolf Meyer for the Werkbund exhibition- modern architecture
Building as a biological process (Meyer 1928)
Individual shape, body of the structure, color of materials, surface texture are determined by life. Architecture/building is focused around the needs and wants of the consumer. 12 “needs/wants”
- sex life
- sleeping habits
- pets
- gardening
- personal hygiene
- protection against weather
- hygiene in the home
- car maintenance
- cooking
- heating
- insolation
- service
Technology
helped with mass production- assembly line production
Authoritarian High Modernism (Scott 1998)
beliefs in scientific and technical progress that were associated with industrialization in Western Europe and North America around 1830- WWI. Expansion of production, social order, human needs and control over nature
Superquardra
“super block” containing slab apartment buildings. Favoring density. Designed in Brasilia by Lucio Costa
Sectors
the superblocks that were designed Chandigarh by Corbusier and Costa are examples of sectors
Social engineering
Housing designed around social structures. In Brasilia the housing was designed with “help”/ maid spaces and separate worker entrances.
Experts/expertise
has specific knowledge in architectural practice and history
Postcolonial Architecture
Architecture once a country has gained independance- representative of what that specific country wants to be remembered or symbolized by
Modernism as emblem of political change
Building of modern buildings especially government buildings to showcase power of a new government or leader of a country.
Standards-of-living-package (Banham but borrowed from Fuller)
Banham links american consumerism of their homes to the necessity of having a car
Un-House (Banham 1965)
“A Home is not a House”. attack at north american housing built without proper protection from cold and hot weather. The thought that homes have so many appliances in them that they could hold themselves up by themselves so why call it a home. Un-home: you dont need any windows or doors
Production of nature or “second nature” within buildings
mechanical systems- buildings produce nature and an environment through consumable matter (air, water) and conceptions of nature (comfort, performance, health). Mediated by human invention
Real Estate Logic of Skyscraper Design (Willis 1995)
- Daylight- work stations near windows for natural light less cost in electricity
- cost- cost per floor
- zoning- allowable height of buildings and setbacks
- land value
- rent- determined by light, view etc
Duck
Buildings that look exactly like what they are used for. Do not need signs or symbols. Eg duck shaped building to sell eggs
Decorated Shed
generic structure only identifiable by its signage. Require applied symbols
Themed environments (Gottdiener 2011)
Making a place memorable through ornamentation- giving the place a specific thing that is unique to it. Copying famous buildings such as the pyramid and Spinx in Vegas
Consumption of experiences or symbolic content
Experiences encourage the consumer to buy more
McDonaldization
Rationalization- taking a task and breaking it down into a bunch of tasks. They are then rationalized to find the most efficient method for completing the task and all other tasks are discarded. Efficiency, Calculability, Predictability, Control
eg. Mall of America, Vegas
Eatertainment
Restaurants like Hard rock cafe. Provide an experience while you eat. Design of the building and ornament
Shoppertainment
engage shoppers through entertaining in-store experience. Interactive, fun elements- lasting impression on customers. Mall of America rollercoster
Fordism
Modern economic and social system based on industrialized and standardized form of mass Production. Nothing made by hand- all machine made “Assembly line production”. Workers paid high wages so they can buy products they make.
Flexible Accumulation
Change from fordism. New ways of looking at consumption and production. Specialized goods rather than mass production. Rise of white collar workers and female workers. Specialized jobs and products. Emphasis on types of consumers. International trade/investments
Junkspace (Koolhaas)
“Residue mankind leaves on the planet” loss of architectural values just massive buildings examples include shopping malls and casinos
Brown Venturi 1972
Less is a bore/more. Studied vegas. Decorated sheds or ducks.
Global economic crisis 1973
Period of rapid change- flexible accumulation. Global economic uncertainty
Cache 2000
Digital Semper. Origin of architecture is no longer unique but rather comes from the switching from one material/textile to another. Architecture emerges in the move from one technology to another.
Le Corbusier 1931
embracing change in the workforce through industrialization- levels of hierarchy
Gropius 1919
Head of Bauhaus.
1919: new beginning for building culture. Art should serve a social role, no longer a division between the crafts-based disciplines. Focus on mass production in teachings
Hudnut 1945
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CIAM 1933
About urban planning. Le Corbusier. Cities must accommodate housing, work, recreation and traffic. Design the city around human scale- biological, scientific and psychological approach
Fishman 2007
Robert Moses. Urban planner and builder in NYC. Modernizing infrastructure. Wanted to put a road through Washington square park to speed up traffic in the city. Opposed by many including Jane Jacobs.
Banham 1969
exploration of technological developments such as ventilation, heating and lighting. How to build to store heat or cool in your house.
Frank Lloyd Wright 1938
solution to moderately priced housing. Consumers need to live for 3 basic things to lower construction costs; heating, lighting and sanitation. Getting rid of all unnecessary elements of the housing
Fuller 1969
vision of a floating city in the future, separating it from the world and its problems
McNeil 2009
Rem Koolhaas. Exploring other factors such as economics and politics that affect architecture. States that Clients goals and budget define the architectural response
Gropius 1926
1926: objects are defined by nature. buildings/objects must serve their purpose perfectly. Constantly evolving with new materials and technology
