Exam 1 Flashcards
What are the 2 protective layers of the Earth?
- Magnetosphere
- Stratosphere
- Mesosphere (less important)
Origin/Source of magnetosphere & from what does it protect the earth?
Origin in the Earth’s core.
Protects earth from solar wind which will strip away the atmosphere, gamma radiation, and x-ray radiation.
Origin/Source of Stratosphere & from what does it protect the earth?
Origin: solar radiation reacting with O2.
Protects Earth from UVC, UVB, and about 92% of UVA radiation, through Ozone cycle.
Origin/Source of Mesosphere & from what does it protect the Earth?
Origin: Earth’s crust.
Protection by burning up most incoming meteors before they can strike.
Define Adiabatic Lapse Rate
Air rising
What is a pyrometer?
Measures solar radiation.
What is a anemometer?
Measures wind velocity
What is a flow meter?
Measure volume of flow through a channel
What is a wind vane?
Measures wind direction
What is the only hazard that our infrastructure faces that is not caused by hydrology?
A Solar Flare, which is a mass ejection of matter and radiation from the sun that can destroy electric transmission grid. Magnetosphere would be overwhelmed.
What is name of material that builds up in drinking water pipes that causes failure?
Tubercules
Name of tides that occur when moon is at 1st & 3rd Quarter?
Neap tides
Define watershed
Area flowing to single outlet
Fr < 1
Subcritical Flow. Energy predominantly gravity/depth
Fr > 1
Supercritical Flow. Energy predominantly velocity
Fr = 1
Critical Flow.
Flow at greatest efficiency.
One depth, one energy
Definition of Streams
Conduits that move water from areas of higher elevation to areas of lower elevation. Stream dissipates energy.
Streams characterized by steep slopes, few meanders
Young streams
Streams with gentler slopes, some meanders
Middle Age
Streams with very flat slopes, slow flow and broad sweeping meanders, oxbow lakes
Old Age
Define Tributary
Smaller stream that flows into a larger stream
Define Distributary
Stream that splits from its main channel into two or more channels, usually in a delta
Define a Delta
Region near the mouth of the stream
Define Thalweg
Line along the deepest part of the channel
Define Meander
A loop in a stream that dissipates energy by increasing the distance that water must travel along its course
Define Oxbow
A meander that has been cut off from the main channel
Define Slackwater
The lowest part of the floodplain and often the part of the floodplain most distant from the main channel.
Define Floodplain
Area adjacent to the bank that can be inundated during high flow events
Layers of Earth
- Lithosphere
- Asthenosphere
- Mesosphere
- Liquid outer core
- Solid inner core
Structure of the atmosphere
- Troposphere
- Stratosphere
- Mesosphere
- Thermosphere
- Exosphere
Depth of troposphere
0-9 miles
Depth of stratosphere
9-28 miles
Depth of mesosphere
28-53 miles
Depth of thermosphere
53-87 miles
Define Natural Levee
Highest part of the floodplain directly adjacent to the bank
Parts of floodplain
- Bedrock
- Alluvial Deposits
- Natural Levees
- Main Channel
- Slackwater
Define Interception
Precipitation never reaches the ground surface. Precipitation evaporates.
Considered a loss
Define Depression Storage
Precipitation reaches the ground surface. Water does not reach a stream. Precipitation evaporates. Considered a loss
Define Infiltration
Precipitation moves into the soil matrix
Define Interflow
Water infiltrates and flows through the soil matrix to a stream.
Vadose Zone
Cubic Feet to Gallons
1 cubic foot = 7.48 gallons
Calculate Watershed Slope
(85% elevation - 10% elevation)/(0.75 *Flow Length)
Square miles to acres
1 square mile = 640 acres
Gallon of water to pounds
1 gallon water = 8.345 pounds
Mile to chains
1 mile = 80 chains
Chain to feet
1 chain = 66 feet
easterly wind direction
From east
Uniform color code WHITE?
Proposed excavation
Uniform color code PINK?
Temporary survey markings
Uniform color code RED?
Electric
Uniform color code YELLOW?
Gas, oil, steam, petroleum or gaseous materials
Uniform color code ORANGE?
Communication
Uniform color code BLUE?
Potable water
Uniform color code PURPLE?
Reclaimed water, irrigation
Uniform color code GREEN?
Sewer and drain lines
Name of tide during full and new moon
Spring tide
ITCZ
Intertropical Convergence Zone
Cell created by polar easterlies
Reverse Hadley Cell
Cell created by prevailing westerlies
Ferrell
Cell created by Northeast Trades
Hadley Cell
Cell created by Southeast Trades
Hadley Cell
