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CRJU 330 EXAM#1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

The social distribution of crime

A

1) Property
2) Intra demographic
3) Male
4) passion
5) cities
6) age
7) race
8) repeat offenders
9) Socioeconomic status

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1
Q

Crime is a social construct

A

Behavior is value neutral but the meaning and definition of crime is defined by the situation and context (The society viewing it unfold)

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2
Q

Uniform crime report

A
  • Police statistics: they record all known of crime and are sent to the FBI each year
  • Only index one crimes: eight most serious
  • Measures incidence and prevalence

Limitations:

1) unreported crime
2) political manipulation
3) definitions of crime changes
4) change in recording

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3
Q

Index offenses

A

Violent Crimes:
1)murder 2)rape 3)burglary 4)assault

property crimes:
5)burglary 6)arson 7)larceny 8)auto theft

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4
Q

National crime victimization survey

A

National survey samples US households door to door or by phone asking people if they have experienced crying within the last six months

  • limited to 12 years and older
  • helps to uncover the dark figure of crime

Limitations:

1) homeless is not included
2) Child abuse is not reported
3) victims are often not the best witnesses

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5
Q

Triangulation

A

Looking at a source of information and seeing what it has to say about a trend, then taking another independent source of information and seeing what it has to say about that same trend, then see if there is a connection between what was said about each trend

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6
Q

Self report survey

A

Surveys for offenders or possible offenders

  • you see the gender race and Socioeconomic gaps shrink
  • a lack of privacy reveals crime lower-level crimes are admitted to the most
  • often given to juveniles college students and prisoners
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7
Q

Ecological fallacy

A

Occurs when group level statistics are applied at the individual level, or when independent level statistics are applied at the group level
- ex: what applies nationally may not apply in all parts of the nation

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8
Q

Crime prevalence

A

Measured in the uniform crime report

- the number of persons involved in a crime (number of persons arrested)

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9
Q

Crime incidence

A

Measured in the uniform crime report

  • number of criminal events in time and place (abides by the hierarchy rule)
  • incidence is usually “1”
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10
Q

Hierarchy Rule

A

When there is more than one law broken during one crime, they take the most serious in order to simplify
Ex: if someone were burglarized and murdered, the hierarchy would be murder

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11
Q

White collar crime

A

Edwin Sutherland
It is based on mutual trust
- corporations are not considered to be an individual
- these cannot be crimes and they are tried in civil court because you cannot prove beyond reasonable doubt

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12
Q

Theory

A

An explanation that predicts future events

  • it tells us how and why things occur
  • establishes a relationship between cause and effect

you ask yourself

1: is a testable (measure or observe)
2: does it violate the social distribution of crime
3: is it verifiable or falsifiable?

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13
Q

Enlightenment

A

Before, all explanations came from the church
- reason science and technology altogether could bring truth because we can test and challenge the churches ideas
~Humans alone can discover the truth
- René Descartes

  • people assumed the cause of crime was due to demonic possession which they would cure by bloodletting and exorcism
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14
Q

René Descartes

A

“I think, therefore I am”
- brings about the enlightenment because it you are a separate entity from God
~ FREE WILL & Individualism

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15
Q

Classical criminology

A

Crime is a result of free will, therefore crime is a choice

  • Jeremy Bentham
  • Cesare Beccaria
  • focuses on the crime
16
Q

Jeremy Bentham

A

The principle of utility:

  • pleasure pain principal
  • we seek pleasure and we avoid pain
  • Classical Criminology
  • asentic: we deal with short-term pain in order to receive long-term pleasure (ex: college)
17
Q

Cesare Beccaria

A

(Based off of Bentham)

  • we need a legal system in which all laws are published and fixed (this way people can see whether or not they will seek pain)
  • Classical Criminology

Need 3 things:

1) swiftness
2) certainty
3) severity

18
Q

punishment requires three things (Cesar Beccaria)

A

Need 3 things:

1) SWIFTNESS: immediate punishment (need to know why they’re being punished)
2) CERTAINTY: all crimes get punished (so people know they won’t get away with it)
3) SEVERITY: punishment must fit the crime (it’ll cause more crime if it does not)

certainty is the most important

19
Q

Positivist Criminology

A

Human behavior is caused at least in part by factors outside of our direct control

  • biological & sociological
  • shift the focus from the crime to the criminal

Ex: Cesare Lombroso (Prenology), Dugdale, twin studies, and adoptive studies

20
Q

Cesare Lombroso

A

Practiced Phrenology (based off of Darwins idea that humans have a relation to their more primitive beings)
- The shape of the skull can provide insight into whether or not someone is more likely to be a criminal
~ individuals who display 6+ atavistic stigmata are more likely to be less evolved, and more likely to be criminal (tested on dead prisoners and asylum patients)
~ he was the first to attempt to measure crying

21
Q

Confirmation bias

A

You’re only looking for evidence that supports your pre-existing bias

(Lombroso)

22
Q

Selection bias

A

Occurs when only a specific group of people are selected
- ex: only incarcerated prisoners

(Lombroso)

23
Q

Atavistic stigmata

A

Physical characteristics that suggested an individual to be primitive (atavistic)
- ex: abnormal skull sizes, large jaws, etc.

(Lombroso)

24
Q

Political economy approach of crime

A

Recognizes that all things are interconnected
- ex: micro, meso, and macro levels

There are four spheres of influence:
1)Family 2)government 3)religion 4)economy

So many social reforms fail because only one of the four areas are being targeted (microlevel should be at macrolevel)

25
Q

Freud’s personality theory

A

Bad things that happened in our childhoods affect our adult lives because there is an imbalance

  • 3 parts of the personality:
    1) ID: our basic desires
    2) SUPEREGO: sense of morality
    3) EGO: balance between the two

Crime occurs when there is an imbalance
- when the ID or the SUPEREGO is too strong or when the EGO is too weak

26
Q

Social learning theory

A

behavior is learned

  • ex: Albert Bandura
27
Q

Albert Bandura

A

The Bobo doll experiment
- children are all shown different videos of a doll being hit by an adult
~ those who were not punished and those who received an award were more likely to beat the doll

28
Q

Differential association

A

Edwin Sutherland

  • crime is learned just like anything else in society
  • the knowledge necessary to commit deviant acts are acquired through personal interaction
29
Q

Tautology

A

Circular argument

30
Q

Correlation

A

A relation

- does not mean it is a cause

31
Q

Causation

A

A and B are connected; something caused something else

32
Q

Disproportionately

A

More than we would’ve predicted based on the starting point (distorted)

Ex: if 100 students were surveyed (50 male and 50 female) and 10 got A’s, you would assume 5 males and 5 females, but if it were 9 females and 1 male, it would be disproportionate

33
Q

Age crime occurred

A

Crime is more likely to be acted by unsupervised peer groups & young adults
- typically happens between the ages of 13 to 24 (they’re disproportionately arrested)

34
Q

Twin studies

A

Studies have always had a small sample sizes and only look at males

  • 1st Study: when 1 identical twin has a known criminal history, 77% of the other twins also has a criminal history
  • 2nd Study: identical twins are more likely to have a similar criminal history rather than fraternal twins (lower coordinates rate)
35
Q

Adoption studies

A

The objective was to isolate genetics from the environment

  • it showed that children were more likely to commit crimes if both their adoptive & biological parent also had a criminal background, they were more likely to commit crimes if the biological parent was a criminal and the adoptive parent was not
  • All minor offenses*

CRJU 330 EXAM#1 (1 decks)

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