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Structural and Mechanical Kinesiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

why can muscles only pull?

A
  • allows for optimized self alignment which is necessary for the sliding filament theory
  • wants to find the shortest line/most efficient way to transfer force
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2
Q

what are kinematics?

A

the Qualification of Motion
-velocities, spatial relationships to describe and analyze motion
“video of motion (idea)”

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3
Q

what are kinetics?

A

The Quanitification of Motion
-uses velocities/spatial relationships to analyze forces that effect motions
“video with feel of motion (understand)”

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4
Q

Why are kinematics and kinetics important?

A

to understand musculoskeltal system to improve human performance and decrease injury.

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5
Q

What are the 3 muscle types?

A
  • smooth (involuntary)
  • cardiac (involuntary)
  • skeletal (Voluntary with “involuntary or subconcious contractions”
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6
Q

What are the general characteristics of muscle?

A

Exensibility (stretchy)
Elasticity (return to normal shape)
Excitability/ Irritability (stimulated by an electrical impulse - ex myotatic reflex)
Contractility- ( develops mechanical tension by PULLING)

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7
Q

What should contractility really be referred to?

A

TENSIONABILITY- because tension is a pulling force

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8
Q

What are the components of Connective tissue?

A

Endomysium- inner
Perimysium- bungles of fibers –> fasciculi or fasiculus
Epimysium- outer that bundles all the fasiculi together to form complete muscle

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9
Q

what is the vertical depth structure of a muscle?

A

FIBERS
MYOFIBRILS
MYOFILLAMENTS, slide across eachother
ACTIN- small filaments, active sites for cross bridging
MYOSIN- large filaments, attaching heads

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10
Q

what is the horizontal length structure of muscles?

A

SARCOMERE- smallest complete unit that can shorten & lengthen
SARCOLEMMA- cells membrane
SARCOPLASM- cell fiber cytoplasm
SR- provides structural support and stim of fibers
T-TUBULES- conduction pathways
TERMINAL CISTERNAE- stored calcium that is pumped into and out of sarcomeres
TRIAD- juntion of t-tubes/ SR and terminal cisternae

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11
Q

Why is it beneficial to have 3 layers of connective tissue?

A
  • insulation: so not all types fire
  • absorption: of force/impact
  • when muscle shortens- allows for control of hydrolytic pressure from blood/waters fixed volume
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12
Q

Why are each muscle cell multi-nucleated?

A

for regeneration and reconstruction

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13
Q

During the sliding filament theory, what parts change length?

A

-muscle,
fiber
myofibrils
NOT MYOFILAMENTS

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14
Q

what important parts of sliding filament theory allow contraction

A
  • available Ca++ in sarcomere
  • ATP available for use
  • proper alignment of myosin heads to exposed sites on actin
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15
Q

What would happen if there were a t-tubule problem?

A
  • the signals would not be able to reach all the myofibrils inside of the muscle
  • muscles would fatigue earlier
  • Delayed contractions`
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16
Q

How would the structure of the muscle change if there were a t-tubule problem?

A
  • they would be smaller in diameter and could shrinken so that the signal could get through
  • possibly bypass the t-tuble and innervate the muscle itself`
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17
Q

How does skeletal muscle operate by the “myotatic/jerk” reflex?

A
  • it is directly innervate4d by nerves that are stimulated by impulses sent from the brain and spinal cord
  • they may be voluntary or involuntary
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18
Q

what is a motor unit?

A

a group of fibers that are all the same type of fiber

  • the fiber types are determined by the composition of the Myosin Filament heads & tyheir response to the activity of ATPase
  • all of the fibers are connected to the same nerve
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19
Q

how do contractions occur?

A

the release of Ca++ inot the sarcomere–>active sites are exposed–>energized myosin heads attach and for cross-bridge

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20
Q

what is ATP’s function in contraction?

A

to break formed corss-bridges while simutaneously reenergizing the myosin head for further cross-bridge formations on the next properly aligned active site

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21
Q

What controls force production of muscles? (3 things)

A
  1. INTENSITY
    - the number of motor units being fired, also known as motor unit recruitment.)
    - type of motor units firing
  2. FREQUENCY
    - rate of nerve impulse to muscle
    - twitch
    - summation–>pumping calcium into sarcomere
    - tetanus –> fused= max force production by a given motor unit (more calcium in sarcomere)
  3. ANTICIPATION OR ACTUAL
    - stimulus comes from one or the other
    - most often: anticipate –> then the actual force is encountered an make and adjustment
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22
Q

What is the fundamental equation for msucle force production?

A

Motor Units = Number of Fivers = Number of Cross Bridges

**ultimately determined by number of cross bridges being formed

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23
Q

How is fiber type selected?

A

determined by force to be overcome

-not always speed of action (*can have high velocity type 1 if it can successfully meet the demand)

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24
Q

Which fiber type has highest aerobic capacity by lowest force production?

A

Type 1

aka. slow red, slow oxidative, oxidative, slow twitch

25
Q

what is the firing order of fast red muscle fibers?

A

2nd–> type 2

26
Q

which type has highest tension rate and highest glycolytic capacity?

A

fast white/type 3/explosive movements

27
Q

what ultimetely determines the amount of a certain fiber type in ones body?

A

genetics

but activity patterns may have effect compisition and function

28
Q

which fiber type has the highest amplitude? (fatigue & twitch graph)

A

type 2x

29
Q

what is the formula for work?

A

force * distance

30
Q

what is power?

A

FD/Time or
FV or
W/Time
*humans are more effected by power demands

31
Q

how are humans more effected by power than work?

A
  • it determines which energy system (by intensity)
  • then the duration of the event
  • 3rd= how often/hitting different frequencies
32
Q

what is the motive force in concentric contractions?

muscle sortens with tension

A

muscle

  • muscle overcomes resistive forces
  • resistance can be water, gravity, manual, momentum, weight
33
Q

what force is the muscle in eccentric contractions?

muscle lengthens with tension

A

resistive

*muscle is overcome by resistive forces

34
Q

what force is the muscle in isometric?

A

can be either motive or resistive… muscle force equals restive force (equal in system forces) (bicep system=triceps system)
NO MOVEMENT

35
Q

what creates movement?

A

the interaction and coordination of contractions

36
Q

Isotonic resistance:

A

concentric or eccentric

free weights

37
Q

Isokinetic

A

muscle always shortens (concentric)

devices control angular velocity. speed, not weight

38
Q

where do the greatest forces occur (Force/velocity graph)

A

greatest forces happen at highest velocities (high amplitude)

ex: running down stairs=high force and high velocity, but riding a bike down a hill is low force high velocity)
* damage occurs at high force and high velocity

39
Q

why will a warm up whft the velocity curve upwards?

A

PAP allows more force to be produces.

warm fluids are also easier to move because they are less viscous and tendons are more pliable

40
Q

what is electromechanical delay?

A
  • the time it takes the muscle to develop tension after stimulation
  • less time for fast twitch
  • less time for trained muscles
  • more time for slow twitch (up to 1 full second)
41
Q

what is the force-length relationship?

A

stretch allows more force

active and passive tension

42
Q

Can power be eccentric?

A

NO ONLY CONCENTRIC

  • we can not do negative work
  • peak power has some velocity and medium force (running back)
43
Q

what is the SAID principle

A

Specific
Adaptations to
Imposed
Demands
-the body is very specific when it adapts
*if you train in multiple ways, you can get hybrid results that you never knew you had

44
Q

which bones have a long shaft that act as levers?

A

long

45
Q

which bones are cube shaped and have a large articular surface?

A

short

46
Q

which bones work as protection and anchor/attachment points like the clavical?

A

flat bones

47
Q

which type of bond is the spine/pubis that act for protection, flexibility and shock absorption

A

irregular bones

48
Q

which bones act as protection and increase mechanical properties of musculotendenous system like the patella and thumb?

A

seasmoid bones

49
Q

what are some of skeletal system functions?

A 
protection
support
movement
storage
hemopoeisis
50
Q

which joint is immovable like the skull sutures?

A

SYNARTHROIDAL

51
Q

which joints are slightly moveable and include
syndesmosis (held together by ligaments)
symphysis (fibrocartilage)
synchondrosis (cartilage)

A

AMPHIARTHROIDAL

52
Q

which bones are freely moveable and have joint cavities, capsuls, ligaments, synovial membranes, articular capsules, hyaline cartilage and tendons?

A

DIARTHROIDAL

53
Q

which joint is gliding: 1 plane w/ limited movement (carpal in wrist)

A

arthrodial

54
Q

2 planes, no rotation: biaxial ball & socket (radiocarpal)

A

condyloidal

55
Q

movement in all planes: ball and cocket multiaxial (shoulder)

A

enarthrodial

56
Q

which hinge joint has 1 plane with a wide ROM (elbow)

A

ginglymos

57
Q

which joint is a saddle with no rotations but looks like a boll and socket & is only at the thumb

A

stellar

58
Q

which pivot joint has rotation on a long axis? (radius on ulna)

A

trochoidal

Structural and Mechanical Kinesiology (1 decks)

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