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BioTechnology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Biotechnology

A

Using living organisms or the products of living organisms, for human benefits to make a product or solve a problem!

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2
Q

Example of modern biotechnology products

A

recombinant proteins (combining)

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3
Q

Microbial Biotechnology

A

Manipulation of microorganisms such as yeast and bacteria

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4
Q

Agricultural Biotechology

A

Plants more environmentally friendly, better yields, resistance to disease and insects

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5
Q

Forensic Biotechnology

A

DNA fingerprinting

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6
Q

Animal Biotechnology

A

Source of valuable proteins, research, Transgenic Animals( Modify Genomes)

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7
Q

Bioremediation

A

Use of Biotechnology to process and degrade substances ( Oil spill)

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8
Q

Aquatic Biotechnology

A

Aqua culture( Raising in control condition for food source)

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9
Q

Medical Biotechnology

A

Whole spectrum of human medicine

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10
Q

Stem cells

A

Grown in lab and treated with differnent Chemicals to allow them to develop into Specific kinds of tissues needed for transplant

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11
Q

Human Genome Projects

A

Research on the functions of human genes and controlling factors that regulate genes

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12
Q

Human Proteome

A

Collection of proteins responsible for activity in a human cell

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13
Q

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

A

is a DNA sequence variation .The challenge for scientists is to identify SNPs that correlate with a particular effect in patients.

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14
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Separates interior of cell from outside environment (Lipids and proteins)

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15
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Inner content of a cell between the nucleus and plasma membrane

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16
Q

Organelles

A

Structures ins cells that perform specific functions

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17
Q

Metabolism

A

Biochemical reactions required for energy generation and the use of energy to synthesize (create) cell materials from small molecules in the environment

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18
Q

Catolism

A

breaking down complex molecules into simple ones Generates ATP

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19
Q

Anabolism

A

building complex molecules from simple ones

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20
Q

ATP

A

Remove terminal phosphorus creates energy

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21
Q

Uses of ATP

A

Actives transport, movements and synthesis of cellular components

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22
Q

Phototrophs (Energy source)

A

Use light energy

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23
Q

Chemotrophs (Energy source)

A

use chemical compounds, must obtains energy from Ox/Red

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24
Q

Autotrophs (Carbon source)

A

Draw carbon from CO2

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25
Q

Heterotrophs (Carbon source)

A

Carbon from Organic compounds

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26
Q

Lithotrophs (Electron Donor source)

A

Reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds

27
Q

Organotrophs (Electron Donor source)

A

Reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds

28
Q

Two types of Carriers of Energy in living cells ?

A

ATP and NDA+

29
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

Terminal Electron acceptor is Oxygen

30
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Terminal Electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule other than Oxygen( e.g. Nitrogen)

31
Q

Fermentation

A

Incomplete oxidation of glucose or other carbohydrates in the absence of Oxygen

32
Q

Glycolysis

A

Splitting of sugar…. 2 ATP 2NADH 2ATP

33
Q

Kerbs Cycles

A

a

34
Q

Electron transport system

A

Occurs within the Mitochondria in Eukaryotic Cells and cell membrane of bacteria

35
Q

Products of Fermentations

A

Small ATP, Ethyl Alcohol, acid etc

36
Q

Generation time

A

How long it takes for bacterium to give rise to 2 daughter cells under optimum conditions

37
Q

Binary fussion

A

The process where bacteria divides

38
Q

4 Stages in Growth Curve

A

Lag, Log or Exponential, Stationary and Phase of Decline

39
Q

DNA Structure

A

Nucleotide joinede together to form long strands of DNA and each DNA molecule consists of two strands that join together and wrap around to form double helix

40
Q

DNA structure

A

Held together by hydrogen bonds ( AT base pairs and GC)

Anti Parallel because polarity is reversed

41
Q

Gene

A

Sequences of nucleotides (1000-4000) that provide cell with instructions to synthesise a protein or type of RNA

42
Q

Chromosomes

A

Where cell packages DNA ( highly coiled)

43
Q

Chromatins

A

Strings of DNA and DNA- binding proteins called histones

44
Q

Mitosis

A

One cell divides to form two daughter cells each with identical copy of parents cells DNA

45
Q

Meiosis

A

Sex cells divide… Parents cells create 4 daughters ( Sperm or Eggs)….DNA is each daughter cell is not identical copy

46
Q

DNA replication

A

Helicase enzyme breaks hydrogen bond between base pairs, protein binds to each strand to stop it from reforming double helix, (Origins of Replication)

Primase enzymes synthesise RNA primers which start the replication process ( Binding site for DNA polymerase enzymes which synthesise new strands of DNA)

DNA Polymerase bind to RNA primer and uses nucleotides to synthesise complementary strands 5’to 3’

47
Q

Genomes

A

All of DNA in organism’s cell ( DNA contains instructions for life in forms of genes) 20,000 Genes

48
Q

Transcription

A

Genes copied from DNA code into RNA code ( RNA polymerase unwinds DNA helix and copies one strange of DNA into RNA ) 5’ to 3’ direction

49
Q

Translation

A

RNA code is read into a protein

50
Q

mRNA

A

is called messenger RNA ( Initial mRNA is primary transcript)

51
Q

tRNA

A

transport Amino acids to Ribosomes during protein synthesise

52
Q

rRNA

A

component of ribosomes

53
Q

Genetics Code

A

Universal language used by virtually all living organisms ..

54
Q

Ribosomes

A

are the protein-synthesizing machines of the cell. They translate the information encoded in messenger RNA (mRNA) into a polypeptide.

55
Q

Gene Regulations

A

Genes can be turned on and off in response to different signals

56
Q

Transcriptional Regulation

A

controlling the amount of mRNA transcribed from a particular gene as a way to turn genes on or off

57
Q

Mutations-

A

Change in nucleotides sequences of DNA( inherited (passed of through gametes) or acquired(occurs in genome of somatic cell)

58
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Plans Animals and humans

59
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Bacteria fungus…etc

60
Q

Nucleotides held together by

A

Phosphodiester bonds

61
Q

DNA structure

A

Double Helix, anti parallel due to polarity

62
Q

Griffith

A

Injected mice with S they Died
Injecting mice with R they survived
Heated S killed bacteria and injected, Survived
Mixed Heated S with R and Died… found S in blood of mice

Transforming cells

63
Q

Dna cloning

A

5’-3’: template strand of DNA

3’-5’: coding strand of DNA, or the one that’ll be transcribed into any type of RNA.

BioTechnology (1 decks)

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