Exam 1 Flashcards
Biotechnology
Using living organisms or the products of living organisms, for human benefits to make a product or solve a problem!
Example of modern biotechnology products
recombinant proteins (combining)
Microbial Biotechnology
Manipulation of microorganisms such as yeast and bacteria
Agricultural Biotechology
Plants more environmentally friendly, better yields, resistance to disease and insects
Forensic Biotechnology
DNA fingerprinting
Animal Biotechnology
Source of valuable proteins, research, Transgenic Animals( Modify Genomes)
Bioremediation
Use of Biotechnology to process and degrade substances ( Oil spill)
Aquatic Biotechnology
Aqua culture( Raising in control condition for food source)
Medical Biotechnology
Whole spectrum of human medicine
Stem cells
Grown in lab and treated with differnent Chemicals to allow them to develop into Specific kinds of tissues needed for transplant
Human Genome Projects
Research on the functions of human genes and controlling factors that regulate genes
Human Proteome
Collection of proteins responsible for activity in a human cell
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
is a DNA sequence variation .The challenge for scientists is to identify SNPs that correlate with a particular effect in patients.
Plasma Membrane
Separates interior of cell from outside environment (Lipids and proteins)
Cytoplasm
Inner content of a cell between the nucleus and plasma membrane
Organelles
Structures ins cells that perform specific functions
Metabolism
Biochemical reactions required for energy generation and the use of energy to synthesize (create) cell materials from small molecules in the environment
Catolism
breaking down complex molecules into simple ones Generates ATP
Anabolism
building complex molecules from simple ones
ATP
Remove terminal phosphorus creates energy
Uses of ATP
Actives transport, movements and synthesis of cellular components
Phototrophs (Energy source)
Use light energy
Chemotrophs (Energy source)
use chemical compounds, must obtains energy from Ox/Red
Autotrophs (Carbon source)
Draw carbon from CO2
Heterotrophs (Carbon source)
Carbon from Organic compounds
Lithotrophs (Electron Donor source)
Reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds
Organotrophs (Electron Donor source)
Reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds
Two types of Carriers of Energy in living cells ?
ATP and NDA+
Aerobic Respiration
Terminal Electron acceptor is Oxygen
Anaerobic Respiration
Terminal Electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule other than Oxygen( e.g. Nitrogen)
Fermentation
Incomplete oxidation of glucose or other carbohydrates in the absence of Oxygen
Glycolysis
Splitting of sugar…. 2 ATP 2NADH 2ATP
Kerbs Cycles
a
Electron transport system
Occurs within the Mitochondria in Eukaryotic Cells and cell membrane of bacteria
Products of Fermentations
Small ATP, Ethyl Alcohol, acid etc
Generation time
How long it takes for bacterium to give rise to 2 daughter cells under optimum conditions
Binary fussion
The process where bacteria divides
4 Stages in Growth Curve
Lag, Log or Exponential, Stationary and Phase of Decline
DNA Structure
Nucleotide joinede together to form long strands of DNA and each DNA molecule consists of two strands that join together and wrap around to form double helix
DNA structure
Held together by hydrogen bonds ( AT base pairs and GC)
Anti Parallel because polarity is reversed
Gene
Sequences of nucleotides (1000-4000) that provide cell with instructions to synthesise a protein or type of RNA
Chromosomes
Where cell packages DNA ( highly coiled)
Chromatins
Strings of DNA and DNA- binding proteins called histones
Mitosis
One cell divides to form two daughter cells each with identical copy of parents cells DNA
Meiosis
Sex cells divide… Parents cells create 4 daughters ( Sperm or Eggs)….DNA is each daughter cell is not identical copy
DNA replication
Helicase enzyme breaks hydrogen bond between base pairs, protein binds to each strand to stop it from reforming double helix, (Origins of Replication)
Primase enzymes synthesise RNA primers which start the replication process ( Binding site for DNA polymerase enzymes which synthesise new strands of DNA)
DNA Polymerase bind to RNA primer and uses nucleotides to synthesise complementary strands 5’to 3’
Genomes
All of DNA in organism’s cell ( DNA contains instructions for life in forms of genes) 20,000 Genes
Transcription
Genes copied from DNA code into RNA code ( RNA polymerase unwinds DNA helix and copies one strange of DNA into RNA ) 5’ to 3’ direction
Translation
RNA code is read into a protein
mRNA
is called messenger RNA ( Initial mRNA is primary transcript)
tRNA
transport Amino acids to Ribosomes during protein synthesise
rRNA
component of ribosomes
Genetics Code
Universal language used by virtually all living organisms ..
Ribosomes
are the protein-synthesizing machines of the cell. They translate the information encoded in messenger RNA (mRNA) into a polypeptide.
Gene Regulations
Genes can be turned on and off in response to different signals
Transcriptional Regulation
controlling the amount of mRNA transcribed from a particular gene as a way to turn genes on or off
Mutations-
Change in nucleotides sequences of DNA( inherited (passed of through gametes) or acquired(occurs in genome of somatic cell)
Eukaryotic Cells
Plans Animals and humans
Prokaryotic cells
Bacteria fungus…etc
Nucleotides held together by
Phosphodiester bonds
DNA structure
Double Helix, anti parallel due to polarity
Griffith
Injected mice with S they Died
Injecting mice with R they survived
Heated S killed bacteria and injected, Survived
Mixed Heated S with R and Died… found S in blood of mice
Transforming cells
Dna cloning
5’-3’: template strand of DNA
3’-5’: coding strand of DNA, or the one that’ll be transcribed into any type of RNA.
