Exam 1 Flashcards
Carb rich foods
grains, potatoes, pasta, and rice
Carbohydrates
60% of diet. Athletes: 70%. Glucose, Fructose, Sucrose, gucose polymers, and startch
Carbs divided into
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, and fiber.
Monosaccharides
Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose
conversion of fuctose and galactose
to glucose occurs in the liver.
Disaccharides
two monosaccharides. simple sugars, sugars, or simple carbohydrates. Sucrose, lactose, and maltose. All Disaccharides contain glucose.
Sucrose
20-25% of daily energy intake. (glucose + fructose) composed of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule. Beet and cane sugar, brown sugar, table sugar, maple syrup, and honey
Lactose
(glucose+galactose) milk and consists of glucose and galactose
Maltose
(glucose+glucose) beer, cereals,germinating seeds and consists of two glucose molecules.
Oligosaccharides
found in vegetables
Polysaccharides
starch glycogen or fiber
Starch
50% of our CHO intake seeds, rice, corn, and various grains that make bread, cereal, pasta, and pastries. Amylopectin and Amylose
Glycogen
storage form of CHO in animals. Stored in the liver and in skeletal muscles. Glycolysis- breakdown of glucose, glycogenolysis, glycogenesis
Fiber
Non-starch, found only in plants, not digested. cellulose most common gums, hemicellulose, beta glucans, and pectin. Gastric emptying. GI motility(movement). Decrease rate of gastric emptying, but increases GI motility. Feel full for longer period of time.
Why is carbon important?
Carbon is a component of almost all nutrients not including water and minerals. Bonds with hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen to form CHO, FAT, and PRO. Vitamins also carbon based.
Enzyme
Brakes something down, speeds up the rate of reaction, and reduces activation energy
small intestine
brush border, lots of surface area
Lactose intolerant
lack an enzyme, lactase, happens in large intestine
Glycosidic bond
Funtional group that joins CHO molecules together
H2O Soluble fiber
Cellulose highly fermentable they produce short chain fatty acids, decrease colonization of pathogenic bacteria; decrease cholesterol; decrease blood glucose
H2O insoluble fiber
Functions in colon increase fecal bulk, retain water, constipation.
Both fibers
Decrease gastric emptying, bind/dilute harmful chemicals decrease transit time through intestines, decrease vitamin and mineral absorption
Hormones
regulating what fuel source is being used
increase blood glucose
Glycemic Response
everything occurs in first 2/3 of small intestine. level of liver everything is converted back to glucose
Diabetes Mellitus
1st: Receptors are inefficient; 2nd: low insulin production from pancreatic beta cells.
Fasting Blood Glucose
100mg/dL
Hypoglycemia
< 45mg/dL
Metabolic Syndrome (MET-S)
Constellation of risk factors more than 3/5 of the factors
Obesity, Hyperglycemia, Hypertriglyceridemia, Hypercholesterolemia, Hypertension
Obesity
BMI> 30kg/m2; waist circumference > 88cm(35in) Female
104cm(40in)male
Hyperglycemia
Fasting blood glucose >100 mg?dL
Hypertriglyceridmia
> 150 mg/dL
Hypercholesterolemia
Total cholesterol > 200 mg/dL
LDL-C > 130 mg/dL
HDL-C< 40 mg/dL
Hypertension
> 140/90mmHg; Decrease in small blood vessels reduces glucose and insulin delivery to muscle, causing insulin resistance.
Insulin resistance
Changes in blood vessels and H2O retention cause hypertension. decrease ability of peripheral tissues to take up glucose, leads to hyperinsulinemia due to increase insulin secretion by pancreas. also increase FFA level in the blood together with abdominal obesity
Hyperinsulinemia associated with
increase in sympathetic nervous system increase Na+ and H2O retention(sodium) increase smooth muscle proliferation in blood vessels
increased SNS activity
Increased blood pressure and increase blood glucose
obesity
adipose tissue secretions affect insulin resistance
Major roles of CHO
Major energy souce for intense exercise, preserves tissue proteins, primer for fat catabolism, fuel for central nervous system enough glycogen to break down to glucse
Fat
low mass for amount of volume that it takes up
simple lipids
triglyceride back bone, most abundant lipid consumed in diet, major storage form of fat in adipose cells.Triacylglcerols are formed by condensation reaction- critical concept, the difference in H2O storage is why we can store more FAT than CHO. Lowering fat can block synthesis of some needed cholesterols.
Triacylglycerols: Synthesis and breakdown
Synthesis: Esterification process, condensation reaction; not same FA throughout (body); postprandial increase- >blood cx of fatty acid and glucose and high level circulation insulin. Breakdown: Hydrolysis reaction, forms Glycerol + 3FFA; FFA types- Unsaturated Fatty acids- momounsaturated. polyunsaturated, saturated fatty acids
Saturated Fatty Acids
Single covalent bond between carbon atoms no double bonds in hydrocarbon chains. Dietary sources- animal products, conconut/ palm oil, cakes/pies/cookies. Intake recommended < 10% total kcal
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
(>1) double bond between carbon atoms, types of unsaturated monounsaturated and polyunsaturated. Monounsaturated- double bond along main carbon chain sources canola/olive/peanut/other nut oil. Polyunsaturatd- 2 or more double bonds along main carbon chain sources- sunflower/safflower/soybeans/corn oil
Hydrogenation
change oils to semisolids- bubble liquid hydrogen into vegetable oil result double bonds reduced to single bonds increase hydrogen along main carbon chain. taking unsaturated fat and saturating with hydrogen. Produces trans-unsaturated fats. Hydrogen move from cis to trans position along main carbon chain increase LDL-C decrease HDL-C.
Lipid intake
30% of total kcal
Compound intake
phospholipid maintaining cell structure; triacylglycerol + other chemicals 10% of body’s total fat. Phospholipids- one or more fatty acid molecules +phosphorous group + nitrogen base.
Plasma membranes
Phosphorous= hudrophilic Lipid= hydrophobic H2O transport
Lipoproteins
Chylomichron-small intestine exit; VLDL (very low density lipoproteins exiting the liver: very small mass relative to volume; LDL(low density lipoprotein) Second pass major way transport CHO in system. HDL(high density lipoproteins) liver. Increasing density, decreasing size, increasing protein content.
Chylomicron
emulsified lipid droplet not solid in eachother make them mirable. Metabolized by liver/stored in adipose tissue. How fat soluble vitamins (ADEK) are transported major way fat soluble vitamins being transported.
VLDL
Formed in liver from: FAT, CHO, PRO, cholesterol; Composed of High lipid (95%) low PRO (<5%). Transports triacylglycerols from liver to muscle and adipose tissue. Lipoprotein lipase convert VLDL to LDL. Lose/break down fat, enzyme, hormone sensitive lipase.
LDL
Carries 60-80% of total serum cholesterol delivers cho to arterial tissue. Oxidized LDL causes problems atherosclerosis scared arteries. avoid atherosclerosis increase aerobic exercise, decrease visceral fat, decreased saturated fat, decreased cho intake.
LDL
Major way to transport serum cholesterol.
Atherosclerosis
Primary insult(Hypertension, oxidative stress, inflamation); endothellum(inner lining of vessels); intime layer; increased chemokines(signal for monocyte docking) and adhesion factors(firm docking of monocytes)
