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Entomology - Exams > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

List the 7 stages of the classification system in the correct sequence.

A 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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2
Q

Who is the father of modern taxonomy and what 2 things did he do?

A

Linnaeus
Gave us the classification system.
Gave us binomial nomenclature.

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3
Q

What is the phylum that insects are in and what are the 4 characteristics of this phylum?

A

Arthropoda

  1. Segmented legs
  2. Jointed appendages
  3. Chitinous exoskeleton
  4. Bilateral symmetry
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4
Q

What are the 5 classes within the phylum Arthropoda?

A
  1. Crustacea
  2. Chilopoda
  3. Diplopolda
  4. Arachnida
  5. Insecta
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5
Q

What are the characteristics of the class Crustacea and name some examples?

A
  • 10 legs
  • 2 body regions
  • 4 antennae
  • most are aquatic
    Examples: lobsters, crabs, shrimp, rollie pollies
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6
Q

What are the characteristics of the class Chilopoda and name some examples?

A
  • 1 pair of legs per segment
  • many body segments
  • 2 antennae
  • protection: venomous fangs
  • Dorso-ventrally flattened
    Examples: centipedes
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7
Q

What are the characteristics of the class Diplopoda and name some examples?

A
  • 2 pairs of legs per segment
  • many body segments
  • 2 antennae
  • round body
  • protection: cyanide
    Examples: millipedes
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8
Q

What are the characteristics of the class Arachnida and name some examples?

A
  • 2 body regions
  • 8 legs
  • no antennae
  • pedipalps
  • fangs/modified fangs
    Examples: spiders, scorpions, tics
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9
Q

What are the characteristics of the class Insecta and name some examples?

A
  • 6 legs
  • 2 antennae
  • 3 body sections: head, thorax, abdomen
  • 0, 2, or 4 wings
    Examples: insects: beetles, butterflies, grasshoppers
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10
Q

List the characteristics of the exoskeleton, and advantages/disadvantages.

A
  • Doesn’t stretch, has to molt
  • Covers entire outer surface and some internal surfaces
  • Advantages: protection, strength, waterproofing, support structure
  • Disadvantages: Can be heavy, limited growth, risk of predation when molting, molting is energetically expensive
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11
Q

What part of the exoskeleton has living cells?

A

Epidermis - layer of cells determines cuticle characteristics

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12
Q

What are the 3 main layers of the cuticle?

A

Endocuticle
Exocuticle
Epicuticle

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13
Q

What makes up 25-60% of the cuticle?

A

Chitin

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14
Q

What are the 2 main purposes of the head?

A

sensing and eating

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15
Q

In compound eyes, what do you get with more facets?

A

better resolution

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16
Q

What colors can insects see?

A

Ultraviolet light, no red

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17
Q

What are Ocelli and what do they sense?

A

A simple eye, single facet.

They sense light intensity and movement.

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18
Q

What are the 3 parts and the functions of the antennae?

A
  1. Scape
  2. Pedicel
  3. Flagellum
    A sensory appendage, used to detect odor, sound, humidity, motion, orientation and chemical cues (like pheromones).
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19
Q

List the 4 purposes of mouth parts (and be able to identify each purpose by illustration).

A
  1. piercing-sucking (tube structure with something at the end)
  2. siphoning (long, thin tube structure that can be curved)
  3. sponging (wide with flat bottom)
  4. chewing (mandibles, something that resembles teeth)
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20
Q

What is the function of the thorax?

A

Locomotion
The major locomotion appendages of the insect are located on the thorax. There is a pair of legs on each of the three thoracic segments and a pair of wings on the meso- and metathorax only.

21
Q

What are the 5 leg modifications and their purposes?

A
  1. Cursorial: walking/running
  2. Raptorial: grasping
  3. Fossorial: digging
  4. Saltatorial: jumping
  5. Natatorial: swimming
22
Q

What are the 6 wing types and what types of insects are they found on?

A
  1. Membranous wings: dragonflies/damselflies
  2. Halteres: flies
  3. Elytra: beetles
  4. Hemelytra: true bugs
  5. Tegmina: cockroaches, grasshoppers, mantids
  6. Scales: butterflies, moths
23
Q

List the 5 types of sounds, how they are used for communication, and which types of insects use each.

A 
1. Stridulation:  songs
(crickets, grasshoppers, katidids)
2. Tymbals:  chitan plates attached to asynchronous muscles
(cicadas)
3. Percussion:  head banging
(beetles?)
4. Hissing/whistling:  expelling air out of spiracles 
(cockroaches)
5. Wing beating:  wing vibration
(mosquitos, bees)
24
Q

What is the benefit of bioluminescence as a visual cue?

A

Heatless light

25
Q

What are the 3 types of olfaction, who the communication is between and who it benefits for each?

A
  1. Allomone:
    - Between different species
    - Benefits the sender
  2. Kairomone:
    - Between different species
    - Benefits the receiver
  3. Pheromones:
    - Between same species
    - Benefits both sender and reciever
26
Q

What 2 main things does the accessory gland do?

A
  • egg glue

- venom

27
Q

What is significant about the spermatheca?

A

Last sperm in is the first sperm out.

28
Q

List the 4 types of reproduction, what they are, and advantages/disadvantages of each.

A
  1. Bisexual reproduction: male and female mate and reproduce; 1 offspring per egg
    - Adv: diversity
    - Dis: have to find a mate
  2. Polyembryony: 1 egg = many offspring
    - Adv: less energy
    - Dis: rely on 1 egg
  3. Parthenogenesis: offspring without mating
    - Adv: don’t have to find a mate
    - Dis: no diversity
  4. Paedogeneis: immature insects are capable of reproduction with no mating
    - Adv: don’t have to find a mate
    - Dis: no diversity
29
Q

What are the 4 types of fertilization and eggs?

A
  1. Direct: transfer from aedeagus to vagina
  2. Indirect: spermatophore (sperm packet that the male leaves)
  3. Spermatheca: last sperm in = 1st sperm out
  4. Egg laying: laying egg, live young, or combo of both
30
Q

List the 3 types of egg laying and define each.

A
  1. Oviparous: lay an egg which hatches later
  2. Viviparous: have living young
  3. Ovoviviparous: lay the egg and it hatches immediately
31
Q

What is significant about the reproductive potential of insects?

A

It is high

32
Q

What are the 3 ways that males do to ensure reproduction?

A
  • prolonged copulation (staying attached)
  • guarding (male guards/holds eggs)
  • sperm plugs (male plugs the hole)
33
Q

What are 6 traits of the egg stage?

A
  1. Tiny
  2. Variety of shapes, colors, etc.
  3. Deposited singly, in clumps, or masses
  4. Food provision
  5. Ootheca (egg sack produced by accessory gland)
  6. Eclosion (emerging/hatching)
34
Q

List the 3 ways insects get out of an egg.

A
  • tooth on head
  • chew
  • spit (dissolves)
35
Q

What is the mission of the immature stage?

A

Eat, grow, and store

36
Q

What are the characteristics of molting in the immature stage?

A

Light color, not hardened

37
Q

What does Instar mean?

A

Stages between molts

38
Q

Do adult insects molt?

A

Not usually

Exception: mayflies

39
Q

What is the mission of an adult insect?

A

disperse and reproduce

40
Q

What are the 3 types of metamorphosis and their processes?

A 
1. Ametabolous (no metamorphosis)
egg > young > adult
2. Hemimetabolous (simple metamorphosis)
egg > nymph/naiad > adult
3. Homometabolous (complete metamorphosis)
egg > larva > pupa > adult
41
Q

What conditions do generations vary on?

A

Temperature, humidity, day length, etc.

42
Q

Define Diapause.

A

Similar to hibernation; period of inactivity used to avoid inhospitable conditions.
(Aesivation is diapause in the summer)

43
Q

What are the 5 Ametabolous orders?

A
  1. Protura
  2. Collembola
  3. Diplura
  4. Microcoryphia
  5. Thysanura
44
Q

What are Protura, what does the name mean, and what are the diagnostic characteristics?

A

Proturans
“First tail”
- Pale gold/yellow/white; conical head

45
Q

What are Collembola, what does the name mean, and what are the diagnostic characteristics?

A

Springtails
“Glue piston” (refers to collophone: water regulation, excretion, grooming, adhesion)
- Furcula: springing mechanism

46
Q

What are Diplura, what does the name mean, and what are the diagnostic characteristics?

A

Diplurins
“Two-tailed”
- Automous: can release a body part and grow it back.

47
Q

What are Microcoryphia, what does the name mean, and what are the diagnostic characteristics?

A

Bristletails
“small head”
- feed on algae/lichen, typically found on rocks
- contiguous eyes

48
Q

What are Thysanura, what does the name mean, and what are the diagnostic characteristics?

A

Silverfish, firebrats
“Fringetail”
- household pests, in damp areas, feed on starchy materials

Entomology - Exams (2 decks)

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