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Kines > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

primary curve of spine

A

thoracic and sacral

posteriorly convexity

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1
Q

Functions of the spine

A

mobility - movement for trunk, change in trunk posture, motions of ue and le

stability - upright posture, maintain head position, protect spinal cord, protect viscera

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2
Q

secondary curves

A

cervical and lumbar

anterior convex

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3
Q

advantage of curved spine

A

resist higher compressive forces

10x fold increase resistance

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4
Q

vertebral bodies

A

weight bearing

resists compressive forces

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5
Q

neural arch

A

lamninae - protects spinal cord, roof of neural arch, bending forces, contains pars interarticularis (where the force being transmitted is through - between articular processes)

articular processes - 2 superior and inferior facets

spinous and transverse process - increases lever arm

pedicles - transmit tension and bending forces and it increases size

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6
Q

functions of IV disc

A

increase motion and transmit load

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7
Q

components of iv disc

A

nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus, vertebral end plate

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8
Q

cartilaginous end plate

A

vertebral end plate us cartilaginous layer that covers superior and inferior surface of disc. strongly attaches to annulus, hyaline cartilage is close to vertebral body, and fibrocartilage is close to disc

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9
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

mostly water
type 2 collagen - resist compression
distributes load to entire disc
deforms when compressed and walls stretch

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10
Q

annulus fibrosus

A 
type 1 collagen 
resists tensile forces
attach to end plate via sharpey fibers
each layers fibers are perpendicular
oriented diagonally criss cross pattern
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11
Q

disc thickness

A

cervical is 3mm
lumbar is 9mm
disc thickness / vertebral body height ratio – greater the ratio greater the movement

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12
Q

IV disc nutrition

A

no blood supply from major arteries
nutrition via fusion
capillary plexus in base of end plate which supplies outer surface

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13
Q

iv disc innervation

A

outer 1/3 to 1/2 of annulus fibrosis

innervated by vertebral and sinuvertebral nerves

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14
Q

interbody joints

A

between vertebral joints

6 degrees of freedom - gliding, distraction/compression, AP translation, lateral tilting, rotation, AP tilting

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15
Q

anterior longitudinal ligament

A

limits extension

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16
Q

PLL

A

limits forward flexion

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17
Q

interspinous ligament

A

limit forward flexion

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18
Q

supraspinous ligament

A

limit forward flexion

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19
Q

intertransverse ligament

A

limit contralateral flexion

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20
Q

ligamentum flavum

A

limit forward flexion

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21
Q

zygapophyseal articulation

A

aka facet joints

contain meniscus that doesnt cover the whole so fats pads are around for shock absorption

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22
Q

cervical zygapophyseal articulation

A

limit rotation and side bending

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23
Q

thoracic zygapophyseal articulation

A

strongest because organs are here/joint stress

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24
Q

lumbar zygapophyseal articulation

A

limit rotation and lateral flexion

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25
Q

coupling motion

A

association of one motion about an axis with another motion around different axis

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26
Q

cervical coupling motion

A

side bending and rotation to same side

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27
Q

thoracic and lumbar coupling motions

A

side bending and rotation to opposite side

flexion - sb and rotation to same side

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28
Q

what does motion depend on

A

facet orientation
ligaments
muscle
disc size

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29
Q

flexion

A

anterior glide and tilt, foramen increases in size, spinous process separate, anterior annulus compresses, posterior annulus stretches

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30
Q

extension

A

posterior tilting and gliding, forearm narrows, spinous processes come closer, anterior annulus stretches, posterior annulus compresses

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31
Q

lateral flexion

A

laterally tilts, rotates, and translates, forearm narrowed on ipsilateral side, forearm widened on contralateral side, annulus compressed on concave side (side of lateral flexion), annulus stretched on convex side

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32
Q

rotation

A

depends on facet orientation

annulus limits rotation

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33
Q

compression

A

spinous process is coming closer, facet joints, load transmitted through vertebrae (superior to inferior end plate)

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34
Q

nucleus pulposus during compression and distraction

A

tries to expand outwards towards annulus
fluid is released with compressive loads
fluid is absorbed with distraction

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35
Q

thoracic iv disc

A

similar to lumbar
wedged shaped, thick posteriorly, contributes to kyphosis
disc / vertebral ration smaller so less motion

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36
Q

thoracic spine joints

A

interbody - flat vertebral surfaces for translation
costovertebral
costotransverse
zygapophyseal - 20 degrees from frontal plane (allowing greater rom into lateral flexion and rotation), joint capsule is more taut than c/s or l/s

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37
Q

thoracic ligaments

A

pll, interspinous, supraspinatus, intertransverse, transverse, alar, tectional - same as before

ligamentum flavum and ALL is thicker and larger than cervical

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38
Q

upper thoracic spine movements

A

lateral flexion and rotation ipsilaterally

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39
Q

lower thoracic spine movement

A

flexion

rotation and lateral flexion contralaterally

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40
Q

rotation in thoracic region

A

limited by rib cage
ipsilaterally - posterior convex and anterior flat
contralaterally - posterior flat and anterior convex

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41
Q

line of gravity in thoracic region

A

anterior which promotes flexion

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42
Q

thoracolumbar fascia

A

surrounds erector spinae and multifidus
will be there for comrpression and stability
lats and glut max attach there

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43
Q

erector spinae muscles

A

longissimus thoracis and iliocostalis lumborum for extension, ipsilateral flexion, and posterior sheer

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44
Q

flexion relaxation phenomenon

A

relaxation of erecte spinae about 2/3 of flexion rom and then passive structures generate moment arm and take over

45
Q

multifidi

A

stabilizer

46
Q

intertransversarii/rotatores

A

proprioceptive

47
Q

function of thorax

A

stability, protect organs, ventilation, ue and le muscle attachment

48
Q

scoliosis

A

will limit rom of rib cage and spine and decrease ventilatory abilities
named by the side of convexity
rib hump on side of convexity - for example, right sciolosis: vertebral body will rotate to the right causing right transverse process to have posterior displacement and right rib and anterior displacement of opposite side

49
Q

costotransverse articulation

A

t1-t6
convex on concave
rotation

t7-t10 flat and gliding

t11-t12 no articulation

50
Q

costovertebral articulation

A

1,10,11,12 most mobile

rotation and gliding

51
Q

what does movement of ribs depend on

A

types and angles of articulations
movement of manubiosternum
elasticity of costal cartilages

52
Q

kinematics of ribs 11-12

A

axes of rotation is closer to frontal plane

53
Q

upper ribs kinematics

A

axes of rotation to frontal

movement at sagital plane

54
Q

lower ribs kinematics

A

axes of rotation closer to sagittal plane

movement in frontal plane

55
Q

1st rib kinematic

A

movement at costotransverse

superiorly and posteriorly

56
Q

ribs 2-7 kinematic

A

pump handle
superiorly and anteriorly
increases AP diameter

57
Q

ribs 8-10

A

bucket handle
moves laterally
increases lateral diameter

58
Q

diaphragm

A

quiet and primary inspiration
costal fibers attach to fibs
crural fibers attach to L1-L3
inspire - diaphragm descends, increases abdominal pressures, bucket handle of lower ribs

59
Q

intercostals

A

quiet inspiration
lift rib cage up
recruited superiorly to inferiorly

60
Q

scalene

A

quiet inspiration

lifts the first two ribs

61
Q

COPD

A

flat diaphragm
pulls rib in
barrel chest
uses accessory muscles - scalenes (overused bc already for quiet inspiration) and scm (shortened)

62
Q

anterior atlanto occiptial and antlantoaxial membrane

A

Continous of ALL and limits extension

63
Q

Tectorial ligament

A

continuous of PLL and limits forward flexion

64
Q

Atlas

A

C1, superior facets concave and lie in horizontal plane, inferior facets convex, facets for dens

65
Q

axis

A

c2, superior facets face upward and laterally

inferior facets face anteriorly

66
Q

transverse ligament

A

limits anterior displacement of c1 on c2

decrease integrity with RA and down syndrome

67
Q

alar ligament

A

tightens with flexion, limits bilateral flexion, contralateral flexion

68
Q

cervical intervertebral disc

A 
different than lumbar 
not arranged in alternating layers
thick anteriorly 
laterally minimum annulus 
posterior laterally nucleus is contained by PLL 
contains uncovertebral joints 
annulus is not stressed with flexion and rotation
herniation will cause damage to PLL
69
Q

lower cervical region

A

zygapophyseal joints
joint capsule is loose
oriented 45 degrees from horizontal plane

70
Q

functions of cervical spine

A

motion and protects spinal cord

71
Q

atlanto-occipital joint

A

yes movement
convex on concave so during flexion - occipital rolls forward and glides posteriorly
10-30 degrees

72
Q

atlantoaxial joint

A

rotation
45 degrees to both sides, 55-58 percent total motion
alar ligament

73
Q

what limit extension in cervical region

A

zygapophyseal joint

iv disc

74
Q

what limits flexion in cervical region

A

posterior ligaments between spinous process

75
Q

trapezius

A

extension
ipsilateral lateral flexion
contralateral flexion

76
Q

levator scapulae

A

ipsilateral flexion and rotation
posterior sheer
increases activity with forward head

77
Q

scalenes (cervical region)

A 
frontal plane stabilizers
assist with breathing
flexion
ipsilateral flexion
contralateral rotation
78
Q

longissimus capitis and cervicis

A

compression
stabilize head
frontal plane stabilizers

79
Q

suboccipital muscles

A

occipital extension
ipsilateral rotation and lateral flexion
proprioceptive
fine tune motion

80
Q

splenius capitis and cervicis

A

prime mover
extension and ipsilateral rotation
not active at rest
source of headaches

81
Q

SCM

A

ipsilateral flexion

contralateral rotation

82
Q

longus capitis and colli

A

compression of cervical spinen

stabilizers, synergy with upper traps

83
Q

articulation surfaces of tmj

A

condyles of mandible sit in mandibular fossa
postglenoid tubercle posteriorly
articular eminence anteriorly
incongruent joint because mandible and articular eminence are both convex

84
Q

mandibular fossa

A

thin bone

not good for joint surface because it isnt strong

85
Q

articular eminence

A

primary articular surface
high force when biting
no hyaline cartilage
contains fibrocartilage for repair and remodel

86
Q

why do we need tmj articular disc

A

needed for incongruent joint

divides into superior and inferior tmj

87
Q

superior tmj

A

for gliding

articular eminence and superior disc

88
Q

inferior tmj

A

hinge joint

mandibular condyle and inferior surface disc

89
Q

purpose of tmj articular disc

A 
increase stability 
minimize loss of mobility 
reduce friction
decrease biomechanical stresses 
has collagen, glycosaminoglycans, elastin -- cannot repair and remodel
90
Q

tmj articular disc attachments

A

medial and lateral poles of condyle
condyle will rotate and then anterior or posterior displacement

anterior joint capsule - restrict posterior translation

lateral pterygoid - superior portion will help close mouth

91
Q

superior lamina

A

has elastic properties allowing it to move disc anteriorly when opening mouth and reposition it back when closing mouth

92
Q

inferior lamina

A

limit forward translation when mouth is being opened

93
Q

tmj joint capsule

A

loose anterior, medially and posteriorly. anteriorly is where it dislocates the most

strong laterally

innervated and vascularized so it tells a lot of information on movement and position

94
Q

tempormandibular ligament

A

broken down into 2 parts
limits: downward, posterior motion of mandible and rotation during mandibular depression (attached to mandibular condyle)

95
Q

stylomandibular ligament

A

weakest

limits protusion

96
Q

sphenomandibular ligament

A

prevents excessive anterior translation
inside
strong ligament

97
Q

depression opening)

A

rom 40-50 mm or 2 pip
rolls first - anteriorly, between mandibular condyle and inferior disc
glides second - anteriorly, between superior disc and articular eminence

98
Q

elevation (closing)

A

opposite of opening so glides first and then rolls

lateral pterygoid - attaches to anterior disc and eccentrically contracts when closing

99
Q

protrusion

A

articular eminence and superior disc
lower teeth pass upper teeth
important for opening
limited by bilaminar retrodiscal tissue

100
Q

retrusion

A

articular eminence and superior disc
important for closing
limited by tm ligament and compression of retrofdiscal area

101
Q

lateral excursion

A

rom 8-11 mm - full width of one upper incisor
ipsilateral condyle will spin in transverse plane
contralateral condyle will translate anteriorly

102
Q

deviation

A

s curve
mandible moves away from midline
returns to midline

103
Q

deflection

A

c curve

mandible moves away from midline and does not return

104
Q

temporalis

A

closing
retrusion
ipsilateral rotation

105
Q

masseter

A

closing

retrusion

106
Q

lateral pterygoid

A

protrusion
contralateral deviation
eccentric control when closing mouth

107
Q

medial pterygoid

A

closing
protrusion
contralateral deviation

108
Q

suprahyoid group

A

diagastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid

mandibular depression

109
Q

infrahyoid group

A

omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid

stabilize hyoid

110
Q

resting posture of tmj

A

1.5 to 5.5 mm of opening

tmj stressed decreased

111
Q

forward head posture impacting tmj

A

rotates head posteriorly
retrudes jaw
compresses retrodiscal tissue
massication muscle overworked to close jaw

Kines (1 decks)

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