Exam 1

Question 0

Dysarthria

Answer 0

Group of neurologic speech disorders that reflect abnormalities in the strength, speed, range, steadiness, tone or accuracy of movements required for breathing, phonatory, resonatory, articulatory, or prosodic aspects of speech production.
Neurologic in origin
Disorder of movement
Different types with characteristics and underlying neuropathophysiology

Question 1

Motor Speech Disorders (definition)

Answer 1

Speech disorders resulting from neurological impairments affecting the planning, programming, control or execution of speech.

Dysarthrias and apraxias of speech

Question 2

Apraxia (of speech)

Answer 2

Neurologic
Impaired capacity to plan or program sensorimotor commands necessary for directing movements that result in phonetically and prosodically normal speech
Can occur without physiologic disturbances in any component of language

Question 3

Oligodendroglia

Answer 3

Insulation-myelin-surrounding axons in CNS

One oligo: many axons

Question 4

Schwann cells

Answer 4

Insulation-myelin-surrounding axons in PNS (1 schwann cell: 1 axon)

Question 5

Astrocytes

Answer 5

CNS
Important part of blood brain barrier
Pg. 26

Question 6

Ependymal cells

Answer 6

Line ventricular system
Barrier between ventricular fluid and the neuronal substance (parenchyma) of the brain
Form choroid plexuses that make ventricular and cerebrospinal fluid

Question 7

Microglia

Answer 7

Scattered throughout nervous system

Transforms into macrophages (scavenger cells) which ingest pathogens and remove damaged tissue

Question 8

Connective tissue

Answer 8

Makeup the meninges
Some in CNS parenchyma
In PNS: analogous to the meninges surrounding the CNS

Question 9

Frontal lobe includes?

Answer 9

Precentral gyrus
Precentral sulcus (BA 4)
Premotor cortex (BA 6)
Prefrontal cortex (BA 10-12)

Primary motor area (speech)
Prefrontal/anterior: cognitive functions
Posterior: Broca’s (#44) in front of primary motor cortex

Question 10

Exocytosis

Answer 10

During synaptic transmission … Finish!!

Question 11

Endocytosis

Answer 11

During synaptic transmission … Finish!!!

Question 12

Acetylcholine

Answer 12

Primary neurotransmitter of PNS but prominent in CNS as well

Question 13

Dopamine

Answer 13

Modulates limbic and prefrontal functions

Question 14

Norepinephrine

Epinephrine, adrenaline

Answer 14

?

Question 15

Seratonergic-serotonin

Answer 15

Regulates sleep mood arousal emotions and pain

Important … ???

Question 16

Amino acids

Answer 16

Mostly in CNS synapses
3 types:
Glutamate excitatory transmitter
?
?

Question 17

Wallerian degeneration

Answer 17

Survival of axon depends …?

Question 18

Clinical characteristics of flaccid dysarthrias

Answer 18

Reflexive, automatic and voluntary movements affected (reduced reflexes)
Weakness in muscles (hypotonia, flabbiness)
Atrophy/fasiculations and fibrillations of muscles
Some cases rapid weakening and then improves with rest (Myasthenia Gravis)