Exam 1 Flashcards
fertility rates
total # of live births per 1000 women of reproductive age
birth rate
of live births per 1000 people
infant mortality
death before first birthday
maternal death
death of a woman during pregnancy or w/n 42 days of termination of pregnancy
direct obstetric death
death resulting from complications during pre, labor/birth, postpartum, omission of interventions, or incorrect treatment
indirect obstetric death
death that is d/t a preexisting disease or a disease that develops during pregnancy that doesn’t have a direct obstetrical cause but is likely aggravated by changes of pregnancy
pregnancy-related cause
maternal death during pregnant w/n 42 days of termination of pregnancy regardless of cause of death
Which ethnic group has the highest rate of preterm birth?
African Americans
What are the major causes of infant deaths?
- congenital malformations and chromosomal abnormalities (#1)
- disorders r/t to short gestation and low birth weight
AWHONN
Association for Women’s health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses
Ethical dilemma
a choice that has the potential to violate ethical principles
paternalism
a system under which an authority makes decisions for others and should be avoided in decision making in health care
autonomy
right to self-determination
beneficence
obligation to do good
nonmaleficence
obligation to do no harm
justice
principle of equal treatment of others or that others be treated fairly
fidelity
faithfulness or obligation to keep promises
veracity
obligation to tell the truth
utility
the greatest good for the individual or an action that is valued
Rights Approach
focus is on the individual’s right to choose, and the rights include the right to privacy, to know the truth, and to be free from injury or harm
Utilitarian Approach
ethical actions are those that provide the greatest balance of good over evil and provide for the greatest good for the greatest number
Pap Smear
screening for cervical cancer
macrosomia
birth weight above 90th percentile
antepartum period
(prenatal) begins with the first day of the LMP and ends with the onset of labor
term gestation
btw 37-42 weeks gestation
gravida
total number of times a woman has been pregnant
para
number of births after 20 weeks gestation (no matter if live birth or still births)
nullgravida
woman who has never been pregnant
primigravida
woman who is pregnant for the first time
multigravida
someone who is pregnant for at least the second time
fundus
upper portion of uterus
isthmus
lower segment of uterus
cervix
lower narrow part, neck of uterus (interfaces with vagina)
cervical Os
opening of the cervix that dilates during labor to allow passage of the fetus though the vagina
Braxton hicks contractions
intermittent, painless, and psychological uterine contractions
Pica
craving for and consumption of nonfood substances such as starch and clay; RESULTS IN ANEMIA
ptyalism
increase in saliva
Pregnant Hemoglobin
11-13
Pregnant Hematocit
33-39
Pregnant RBC count
3.8-4.4
Pregnant WBC
5.0-12.0
Pregnant Platelets
150,000-400,000
Pregnant BG Fasting
<= 95
Pregnant BG postmeals
<=120
ovaries
primary follicles contain oocytes, secrete estrogen, and progesterone
fallopian tubes (oviducts)
carry the ovum into the uterus; fertilization occurs within the fallopian tubes
What are layers and what is the function of the endometrium?
contains the basal layer and the functional layer; the functional layer is lost during menstrual cycle when implication doesn’t occur. Estrogen and progesterone stimulate the functional layer of the endometrium to thick in preparation for implantation
Bartholin’s Gland
keeps the mucosa moist and lubricates the vagina during intercourse
Where does spermatogenesis take place?
seminiferous tubules
Where do sperm mature?
epididymis
Seminal Vesicles
produce fructose, which is an energy source for sperm; secretions are alkaline, which enhances sperm motility
Bulbourethral Gland (Cowper’s Gland)
secrete an alkaline solution that coats the interior of the urethra to neutralize the acidic urine that is present
Function of the Placenta
- metabolic gas exchange
- hormone production (progesterone, estrogen, hCg, hPL) )
progesterone
- stimulates buildup of endometrium functional layer
- facilitates implantation and decreases uterine contractility
- stimulates prolactin for breast development
estrogen
- promotes the maturation of the ovum
- stimulates the development of the endometrium
- stimulates the enlargement of the breasts and uterus
hCG
- stimulates corpus luteum to continue to secrete estrogen and progesterone until the placenta is mature enough to secrete these hormones (until 8-10 weeks of gestation where the placenta takes over this function)
hPL
- promotes fetal growth by regulating glucose available to the developing human
- stimulates breast development in preparation for lactation
What are the 2 embryonic membranes?
- chorion (outermost membrane)
- amnion (inner membrane)
Function of the amniotic fluid
- cushion for the fetus when there are sudden maternal movements
- prevents adherence of the developing human to the amniotic membranes
allows freedom of fetal movement, which aids in symmetrical musculoskeletal development - provides a consistent thermal environment
(interesting fact: amniotic fluid is initially produced by the amniotic membrane and then in the second and third trimester it is produced by the fetal kidneys)
Umbilical Cord
- consists of two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein (vein carries oxygenated blood, arteries carry deoxygenated blood)
- the vessels are surrounded by wharton’s jelly that protects the vessels form compression
- average length the cord is 55 cm
Foods High in Iron
- red meat
- poultry
- seafood
- beans
- dark leafy vegetables
- dried fruit
- iron- fortified cereals, breads, and pasta
Foods High in Folic Acid
- dark, leafy greens
- asparagus
- broccoli
- citrus fruits (papaya and oranges)
- strawberries
- beans, peas, and lentils
- avocado
What is supine hypotensive syndrome?
hypotensive d/t woman lying on back in mid to late pregnancy. When supine, the enlarged uterus compresses the INFERIOR VENA CAVA, leading to a drop in cardiac output and BP
When do you admin rhogam?
~ if you have a Rh - mom
- first dose: 28 weeks
- 2nd dose: after delivery (w/n 72 hours)
When does a baby’s heart beat?
4th week
organogensis is complete by which week?
8th week
When are genitalia visible
12th week
