Exam 1 Flashcards
Transmission that occurs via any sort of intermediary, animate or inanimate source
Indirect Horizontal
When the County and State level response teams are overwhelmed they call in Federal level veterinary involvment. What are the two Federal level animal response teams?
Veterinary Medical Assistance Team (VMAT)
National Veterianary Response Team (NVRT)
Transmission that occurs from a reservoir host to its offspring usually via placenta or parturition via colostrum
Vertical
Pathogens are best tramsitted between animals of the ____ species
same
What is the ideal supervisor to worker ratio under the ICS?
1:5
*Don’t want to have more than 7 people under one supervisor
____ species animal markets and pet “swap meets” are increasing the risk of transfer of zoonotic disease
mixed species
What five viruses are examples of Stage 2 cross species disease emergence in which there are dead end hosts:
Animal reservoir transmits to human or other animal with no further transmission
Rabies
WNV, EEEV, WEEV
Influenza H5N1
Category ___ of USDA accreditation requires 6 units of training every 3 years and includes all animals
Two
Disease caused by the invasion and multiplication of a living agent in/on a host
Infectious
Epidemic curves focus on _____ cases of disease that are occurring
New
An early outlier on an epidemic curve may be the _____ of disease, or just a person who was infected earlier than the rest.
Source
What are the dead end hosts in Rabies Virus?
Cattle and horses
*Usually do not bite and infect other animals
True/False: Pathogens are more likely to cross between closely related species than distant ones
True
What are the three primary functions of VMAT?
Early Assessment
Basic treatment
Training
What two management functions of the ICS include veterinarians?
Operations (most veterinarians)
Planning
Each ___ has their own list of notifiable diseases of animals that generally includes the USDAs list plus other diseases of regional veterinary interest
state
True/False: State laws regarding animal disease are universal in the US
False
*Varies by state
Systemic continious observation of populations and collection and analysis of data from many varied sources for rapid detection and timely response to important health events
Surveillance
Surveillance is used as a means of ____ detection of disease outbreaks
Rapid
The purpose of ____ is to produce information about diseases: their importance, distribution and risk factors
Surveillance
Cons of ____ surveillance include that it is very expensive and labor intensive and is not good for early detection of disease because it is only done once or intermittently
Active
Slaughter ______ is conducted in cattle, were cattle are slaughtered and tested for TB by an accredited veterinarian in order to demonstrate the prevalence of TB to be less than 2%
Surveillance
Actions taken to return to a normal or improved operating condition following a disaster, including reconstruction and restoring emotional wellbeing
Recovery
True/False: We have enough veterinarians in the country if a large animal disease outbreak occurs
False
*We do not have enough large animal vets
What kind of Source does this Epidemic Curve represent? Is this disease contagious?
Common Source with Intermittent Exposure
Not contagious
*Incubation period is NOT clearly shown
What is the mode of transmission for West Nile Virus
Indirect Horizontal Vectored transmission
*Mosquito vector
Vector transmission in which the agent undergoes changes or multiplies while in the vector
Biological
What two diseases are examples of Stage 3 cross species disease emergence:
Animal reservoir transmits to humans or animals with a few cycles
Mycobacterium bovis
Nipah Virus
On an epidemic curve, each wave is separated by an _______
Incubation period
Eradication of canine rabies in the USA is an example of ____ eradication, since rabies still exists in other species in the US
Practical
Part of the risk communication cycle in which we prepare, foster alliances and have test messages
Pre-Crisis
____ are live organisms that are usually arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks ect.
Vectors
What Source on an Epidemic Curve represents animals that are exposed to the same source at different times?
Common Source with intermittent exposure
Determinants that are external to the animal, such as housing and medical treatment
Extrinsic Determinants
True/False: Pathogens are adapting and better able to survive due to increased antibiotic resistance
True
What are the four phases of disaster managment?
Mitigation
Recovery
Preparedness
Response
VMAT function in which 4-6 person teams are deployed for 72 hours to assess veterinary conditions and gather verifiable data to enable state deployment of appropriate resources
Early Assessment
VMAT function in which 4-6 person teams deploy for 5 days to provide primary field care, which includes establishment of a base of operations for state based veterinary triage and care of displaced animals
Basic Treatment
In the USA, the only lab that can officially diagnose a FAD is the ____ laboratory, even if positive results were obtained by state labs.
USDA
*Positive results from state labs must be confirmed by USDA lab
True/False: Risk communication can decrease harmful effects by empowering people to make good/informed decisions and encouraging self efficacy and constructive responses
True
Disease agent has been completely removed from the area of concern - _____ eradication
Total
Period where microbe is replicating but not yet enough for the host to become infectious.
Latent period
True/False: If clinical signs are not compatible with a FAD, the FADD veterinarian response ends
False
*send samples to lab as a precaution
What two foriegn diseases are of high importance due to their huge economic impact
Foot and Mouth disease
Heart Water disease
Agency responsible for regulation of all animal imports/exports and investigates possible foreign animal diseases in the US
USDA
Virus that is transmitted via fruit bats to pigs in which there are a few cycles of transmission. Pigs present with respiratory symptoms and encephalitis
Nipah Virus
_____ individuals are more at risk for zoonotic disease
immunocompromised
*children, elderly, pregnant
Known disease that suddenly appears in a new population
Known Emerging disease
*Aka transboundry
Invasion, but not multiplication of an organism in/on a host (ex. Fleas, ticks)
Infestation
Part of risk communication cycle where we improve public response for future emergencies, examine problems and mishaps, and promote activies of the agency
Resolution
Actions taken to provie emergency assistance, save lives, minimize property damage and speed recovery including mobile vet clinics, rescue operations, and temporary shelters
Response
Isolation or treatment of cases, Quarantine, and population control are all examples of reducing ____potential
contact
Pathogens that cross between distantly related species are often cause more _____ disease
severe
Disease transmission is the result of the interaction between what three things?
Host
Agent
and Environment
What is the main difference between NVRT and VMAT?
NVRT includes more public health
Prevention aimed at maintaining a healthy population and preventing the occurence of a disease
Primary Prevention
Factors that help determine the probability, distribution, or severity of a disease in an animal or population of animals
Determinants
*Aka risk factors
Category ____ of USDA accreditation requires 3 units of training every 3 years and exludes food and fiber species, horses, all birds, farm raised aquatics and zoo animals that could transmit disease to livestock
One
Object that can be contaminated and transmit disease on a limited scale
Fomites
Plans and preparations made to save lives and property and to facilite respose to operations that ensure all the resources needed to cope with a disaster can be rapidly mobilized and deployed
Preparedness
True/False: National Response Plan is always in effect
True
Prevention that attempts to minimize damage after disease has occured
Secondary prevention
Surveillance requires observation of a population or collection analysis and interpretation of data from a population for timely ____ of important diseases
Detection
A probability or threat of damage, injury, liability, loss or any other negative occurrence that is caused by external or internal vulnerabilities that may be avoided through preemptive action
Risk
Federal response team of private citizens with professional expertise in public health, research, as well as veterinary health assigned to designate regional teams which train in preparation for to disaster response
National Veterinary Response Team (NVRT)
Part of risk communication cycle in which we open with empathy, inform the public, establish credibitly and provide emergency courses of action
Intial
Idea that human, animal and environmental health are all connected
One Health
Agency that maintains a database of diseases and events known as World Animal Health Information database (WAHID)
OIE
Epidemic _______ represents the number of new cases of disease, over time
Curve
What are the 5 stages of Cross-Species disease emergence?
Pathogen exclusive to one animal- stays in reservoir
Animal Reservoir transmits to one human or animal- stops after one cycle
Animal reservoir transmits to human or animal with a few cycles
Animal reservoir transmits to human or animal with sustained transmission
Pathogen becomes exclusive to new reservoir
The probability of transmission from a reservoir to a new host ____ with increased abundance of reservoir, increased pathogens prevalence, and increased contact between reservoir and host
increases
Risk communication is an interfacing between what two things?
Risk managment
Risk assessment
Elite team of more than 6500 health professionals that are dedicated to public health promotion, reponse, disease, prevention and science
U.S Public Health Service
______% of human pathogens are zoonotic
61
Direct horizontal transmission involving skin to skin contact, mucous membrane contact, bites, scratches ect.
Direct contact- Direct Horizontal
Attempt to prevent hazards from developing into disasters altogether or to reduce the effects of disasters when they due occur by focusing on long-term measures
Mitigation
NRF leads the all-hazards approach, meaning there is ____ plan for disasters and hazards which encompass all levels of government and is always in effect
One
Epidemic Curve with exposure followed by waves of secondary and tertiary cases
Propagated Source
List human reaction to risk from most frequent to rare:
Acceptance- Frequent
Fear
Denial
Panic- Rare
What are two common mistakes in risk communication?
withholding information to prevent panic
Over-assurance of audience to lessen fear
Elimination of an organism from the reservoirs of importance to humans or domestic animals as opposed to total eradication- ____ eradication
Practical
Removing infected individuals, rendering infected individuals non shedders, and manipulating the environment are all examples of _____
Reservoir neutralization
*Ex. test and slaughter, Mosquito/Parasite control
Disease that re-emerged in the UK in 2001 that spread rapidly and led to massive culling of animals and quarantine of people and animal
Foot and Mouth disease
True/False: The public should be involved with risk communication
True
True/False: For a disease to be contagious it must be spread by direct transmission/very close contact
True
In this example of Trichinella, what kind of hosts are pigs, bears, and people?
Pigs- reservoir
Bears- Reservoirs
People- accidental host
Steps taken to reduce a disease problem to a tolerable level and maintain it at that level
Control
*The disease has already occured
What is the incubation period observed in the chart below?
3 days
Direct horizontal transmission with droplet spread that includes sneezing, coughing or talking
Direct projection
*same room/same time
Federal agency that provides surveillance for foreign disesae introduction and eradication for USA diseases
USDA
*US department of Agriculture
True/False: Veterinarians are now considered first responders in disasters
True
True/False: Most pathogens have one specific host
False
*Most pathogens have multiple host species
The final step in disease control efforts that consists of complete elimination of the disease from a defined geographic region
Eradication
Animal _____has led to marked increases in disease transmission due to live animal markets, swap meets, and international smuggling.
Trade
True/False: Veterinarians and human medical professionals need to share information about zoonotic disease outbreaks as well as communicate with the public about disease information
True
True/False: Risk communication involves communicating with compassion, concern and empathy
True
When there is a suspected FAD, a _____ veterinarian will be dispatched to examine animals and take samples
FADD
_____ detects failure of biosecurity and border security programs and is used to evaluate the effectiveness of disease control
Surveillance
Surveillance that targets a specific segment of the population to enhance detection of disease
Targeted Surveillance
True/False: The public and farmers can help to diagnose disease and as veterinarians we should listen to them to alert us when something may be wrong
True
Animal breed is more commonly a ______ determinant
Intrinsic Secondary
*Not all white cats will get squamous cell carcinoma
Surveillance involved in committed effort where they initiate the data collection by identifying surveillance subjects and information collection and actively seeking out cases of disease or data
Active Surveillance
True/False: Bovine TB is reportable by law
true
International animal organization which deals with internationally reported animal diseases mainly associated with trade
OIE
Little control over who provides data and therefore not a representative sample of a population are cons associated with _____ surveillance
Passive
Determinant that is a major contributing factor and is necessary for disease to occur
Primary Determinant
What kind of surveillance are these all examples of?
Reportable disease programs
Sero-surveys
Real time surveillance- ex. medical records/ambulance records
digital disease surveillance- ex. google flu trends
Passive Surveillance
Indirect horizontal transmission in which an inanimate object serves to communicate disease
Vehicle
When the hazard is high and outrage is low we want to alert insufficiently upset people to serious risk
Precaution advocacy
*Watch out
______, which is the deliberate release of a virus, bacteria, toxi, or other harmful agent used to cause illness or death in people, animals or plants is considered a man-made disaster
Bioterrorism
Form of transmission that occurs directly from the reservoir to a susceptible host
Direct Horizontal transmission
____accredited veterinarians are trained in the signs of FADs and other reportable diseases and taught the proper procedures for vaccinating and testing animals for regulated diseases
USDA
True/False: There is a high correlation between hazard and outrage
False
*Low correlation
Dangerous does not equal upsetting
Part of risk communication cycle were we document lessons learned, evaluate communication plan and determine actions to improve crisis systems
Evaluation
Risk and communication is a _____ process
on-going
Who published evidence that cholera in 1849 was transmitted by the fecal-oral route and by the water supply in London
John Snow
*Went door to door and drew map of concentration of sickest people- centered around drinking well
Unknown disease that suddenly appears in a population
Previously Unknown Emerging disease
Period where the microbe is replicating but not symptomatic yet
Incubation period
___% of emerging diseaes of humans are zoonotic
75
When the hazard is high and outrage is also high we want to help appropriately upset people to cope with serious risks
Crisis communication
True/False: All sick animals are reservoirs
False
*They are not always able to transmit the disease
Determinants that are internal to the animal such as age, breed and sex, which are genetically governed and cannot be changed
Intrinsic Determinants
The County Animal Response Team provide rapid response on a ____ level, utilizing local resources and estabilishing relationships with local agencies
Local
Biosecurity, Mass culling, and ring vaccination are possible ways veterinarians will be involved in response to a ____
FAD
What are the pros and cons of Real time (syndromic surveillance)?
Pro- fast at detecting outbreaks
disadvantage- not specific (false positives)
True/False: Preparedness is a long term plan
False
*short term
Response team dedicated to preparing, planning, responding, and recovering during animal emergencies who are highly trained to facilitate a safe and efficient response to disasters on the local, county, state and federal level
State Animal Response Team
Virus which has outbreaks in Malaysia leading to sick pigs and humans with respiratory disease and encephalitis and a high mortality rate
Nipah Virus
Incident command system uses a ____ structure meaning only positions that are necessary will be filled and each element will have a person in charge
Top-down structure
What are the three big components of Surveillance?
Rapid Detection
Appropriate Response
Communication of disease status of population
*Good surveillance program must have all three
Known disease, previously on the decline, that is becoming more common and is on the rise again
Re-Emerging disease
Trusted membres of the community which are a public health education resource and an ongoing contributor to surveillance with first point detection
Veterinarians
Type of surveillance in which the authority does very little to select subjects for sampling and has little to no control over who provides samples/data because submission is initiated at the discretion of the sample/data provider
Passive surveillance
The main pro of _____ surveillance includes that it is representative of the population
Active
Disease is transmissible from one human/animal to another via direct or airborne routes
Contagious
____member nations are obligated to scientifically estimate the disease risk associated with their animals and animal products, which requires surveillance
OIE
*To export meat must have proper surveillance system in place
_____ is very important in risk communication and should be what we open the communication with
Empathy
____ member nations are required to report the occurrence of listed and emerging diseases
OIE
*Borders close if disease is detected or has substandard surveillance
This Federal level team is operated under the American Veterinary Medical Assocaition (AVMA) and assistance must be requested by a state before the team is deployed
Veterinary Medical Assistance Team (VMAT)
True/False: Clinically ill animls that are reservoir competent are probably infectious
True
Food, water, and contaminated IV drugs serve as common ____ of disease
vehicles
Response team that is intended for use by local government to make immediate action in providing care to minimize animal suffering in the event of a large scale disaster
County Animal Response Team (CART)
True/False: USDA has veterinarians in every state including an Area Veterinarian in Charge (AVIC)
True
Primary determinants must ______ be there in order for disease to occur. They satisfy the ______ test.
Always
Gotta have It
Three examples of Stage 4 cross species disease emergence:
Animal reservoir transmits to humans or animals with sustained transmission
SARS
Schmallenberg virus
Influenza H1N1- swine infuenza
If states want _____ they have to be able to prove to the Federal government that they have disaster plans in place
Funding
*No planning = No funding
Public health activities to ensure that messages and strategies designed to prevent exposure, adverse human health effecs, and dimished quality of life are effectively communicated to the public
Risk communication
Agency that maintains a list of internationally notifiable animal diseases and requires countries to report and oubreak of any notifiable disease within 24 hours
OIE
For Bovine Shipping Fever, match the following:
Intrinsic Primary Exposure to Shipping
Extrinsic Primary Mixing Cattle
Intrinsic Secondary Animals are Young
Extrinsic Secondary Susceptible immunologically naïve
Intrinsic Primary- Susceptible Immunologically naïve calves
Extrinsic Primary- Exposure to Shipping
Intrinsic Secondary- Animals are young
Extrinsic Secondary- Mixing Cattle
What are three components of Disease control and eradication?
Reservoir neutralization
Reducing contact potential
Increasing host resistance
Department of Homeland security which establishes a comprehensive, national, all- hazards approach to any domestic incident
National Reponse Framework (NRF)
A serious disruption of the functioning of a community involving widespread human, material, economic, or environmental losses and impacts which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources
Disaster
Screening for cancer, physical examinations, blood work, and test and slaughter are examples of _____ prevention
Secondary
True/False: In disease prevention, knowing the specific agent is more important than knowning the mode of transmission
False
*Knowing the mode of transmission is more important than identifying the specific agent. If we know the route we can have some control over the disease
Prevention that consists of rehabilitation after primary and secondary prevention has failed and applies mostly to the individual in which the goal is to reduce severity of symptoms and maintain the best quality of life
Tertiary
Standardized system for on scene, all hazard, incident management that uses standard terminology and utilizes multiple agency cooperation
Incident Command System (ICS)
*all agencies should be talking the same language
Bacteria that is transmitted from cattle or bison that has a few cycles of transmission via the respiratory route before transmission stops
Mycobacterium Bovis
Vaccination is an ______ determinant, while and animals immune status is an ______ determinant
Vaccination- extrinsic
Immune status- Intrinsic
Management of a diabetic cat, eye enulceation for cancer eye, claw amputation are all examples of ____ prevention
Tertiary
What are the four big drivers in disease emergence?
Land use changes
Food and agriculture systems
Environmental systems
Human behavoir
Most of the time we are talking about ______ animals when making an epidemic curve
Symptomatic
An animal is a ____ if you can answer YES to all three of these questions:
- Is it naturally infected with the pathogen?
- Can that species of animal maintain the pathogen over time?
- Can this source transmit the disease to a new, susceptible host?
Reservoir
Disease is caused by an agent capable of transmission by direct, airborne, or indirect routes from an infected person, animal, plant or a contaminated inanimate reservoir
Communicable
Determinants that make the disease more or less likely. Predisposing or enabling factors that are not necessary but contribute to the disease.
Secondary Determinant
True/False: Each state decides which diseases are reportable within the state and are required to include the diseases of the NNDSS (national notifiable disease surveillance system)
False
*Each state is not required to include the diseases on the NNDSS list
Vector transmission in which the agent does not multiply or undergo part of its life cycle while in the arthropod
Mechanical
True/False: In disease control programs only the clinically ill animals should be monitored
False
*Also need to monitor animals that don’t show clinical signs- may be carriers
Habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies
Reservoir
True/False: Only USDA accredited veterinarians can perform activities related to regulartory diseases, such as TB testing and rabies vaccinations
True
True/False: Clinical veterinarians must immediatly notify regulatory veterinarians if you suspect a forgein animal disease
TRUE
*if you suspect, you report
Of the greater than 1400 species of pathogens that can infect human, ____ accounts for 61%
zoonoses
_____ is a very important driver to pathogen emergence due to human behavoir
Travel
Disease control managment agency that is in charge of protecting the health of american agriculture and natural resources
USDA-APHIS
We worry about (mechanical/biological) vector transmission more as far as introducing foreign disease becasue the agent can persist in the organism very well
Biological
The idea that infectious diseases can be contained if the population’s resistance to infection is high enough. Does not protect individuals and while some non immune individuals will become infected, many other non immune animals will be indirectly protected by the immunity of the population
Herd Immunity
The public should be accepted and involved as ____ in risk communication
partners
What is the most common type of surveillance?
Passive
Demographics, macroclimate, microclimate, housing, diet, and stress are all examples of ________determinants
Extrinsic/Environmental
Indirect horizontal transmission in which a living organism serves to communicate disease
Vector
True/False: Disaster planning should encompass the “all animal-all hazard” philosophy and include mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery
True
Vaccination, Border security, meat inspection are examples of ____prevention
Primary
Part of risk communication where we provide background information, listen to feedback from audience, explain emergency recommendations and empower risk/benefit decision making
Maintenance
Age, sex, genotype, breed, nutrition, and immunity are all examples of _____determinants
Intrinsic
What source does this Epidemic Curve represent? Is the disease contagious?
Common Source Single Point Exposure
Not contagious
_____ is a very important driver in pathogen emergence associated with Food and Agriculture systems
Trade
Route by which the pathogen leaves the reservoir. Example: cough, sneeze, feces or urine
Portal of exit
____ are a part of most active surveillance programs, where individuals in populations are identified and picked randomly by surveillance practitioner for inclusion by actively putting time and effort into collecting samples and controlling who submits
surveys
True/False: Sentinel surveillance is less expensive than monitoring the whole population and allows for early warning but may not represent the popluation
True
Surveillance in which a small group is monitored as an indicator of the greater population health or disease risk
Sentinal surveillance
chickens commonly act as ____ for estimating the risk to human population from EEE and WEE
sentinels
____ is key during a disaster and is usually the biggest problem in disasters
Communication
Providing continuous surveillance and inexpensive are two pros of ____ surveillance
Passive
Epidemic curve in which all animals are exposed at once to the same source of infection
Common Source Single Point Exposure
What source does this Epidemic Curve represent? Is this disease contagious?
Propagated Source
Contagious disease
When hazard is low and outrage is high we want to reassure excessively upset people about small risks
outrage management
*calm down
What are two services that only USDA accredited veterinarians can provide?
Provide vaccinations and testing for regulatory diseases
Perform exams and complete health certificates for animal movement
VMAT function that provides 1-2 days of emergency education and training to state veterinary workers including lectures and field exercises
Training
Diet is an _____ determinant, while body condition score and nutritional status are _______ determinants
Diet- extrinsic
Body condition score and nutritional status- Intrinsic
Agency that inspects agricultural products and meat for foodborne disease, both domestic and imported, as well as managing nationwide programs for enzootic animal diseases
USDA
In stage 2 of cross species disease emergence, the animal reservoir transmits to either a human or animal but there is no further transmission. What is another name for the host?
Dead end host
If ____ is suspceted in cattle, lesions will be sent for tesing, the herd will be quarantined and if more than a few animals test positive then the whole herd will be euthanized
Bovine TB
True/False: Only USDA accredited veterinarians can perform exams for health certificates allowing for travel between states or countries
True
