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Epidemiology Exam 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Transmission that occurs via any sort of intermediary, animate or inanimate source

A

Indirect Horizontal

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1
Q

When the County and State level response teams are overwhelmed they call in Federal level veterinary involvment. What are the two Federal level animal response teams?

A

Veterinary Medical Assistance Team (VMAT)

National Veterianary Response Team (NVRT)

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2
Q

Transmission that occurs from a reservoir host to its offspring usually via placenta or parturition via colostrum

A

Vertical

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2
Q

Pathogens are best tramsitted between animals of the ____ species

A

same

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2
Q

What is the ideal supervisor to worker ratio under the ICS?

A

1:5

*Don’t want to have more than 7 people under one supervisor

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3
Q

____ species animal markets and pet “swap meets” are increasing the risk of transfer of zoonotic disease

A

mixed species

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4
Q

What five viruses are examples of Stage 2 cross species disease emergence in which there are dead end hosts:

Animal reservoir transmits to human or other animal with no further transmission

A

Rabies

WNV, EEEV, WEEV

Influenza H5N1

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4
Q

Category ___ of USDA accreditation requires 6 units of training every 3 years and includes all animals

A

Two

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5
Q

Disease caused by the invasion and multiplication of a living agent in/on a host

A

Infectious

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5
Q

Epidemic curves focus on _____ cases of disease that are occurring

A

New

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5
Q

An early outlier on an epidemic curve may be the _____ of disease, or just a person who was infected earlier than the rest.

A

Source

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5
Q

What are the dead end hosts in Rabies Virus?

A

Cattle and horses

*Usually do not bite and infect other animals

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5
Q

True/False: Pathogens are more likely to cross between closely related species than distant ones

A

True

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5
Q

What are the three primary functions of VMAT?

A

Early Assessment

Basic treatment

Training

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5
Q

What two management functions of the ICS include veterinarians?

A

Operations (most veterinarians)

Planning

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5
Q

Each ___ has their own list of notifiable diseases of animals that generally includes the USDAs list plus other diseases of regional veterinary interest

A

state

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5
Q

True/False: State laws regarding animal disease are universal in the US

A

False

*Varies by state

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5
Q

Systemic continious observation of populations and collection and analysis of data from many varied sources for rapid detection and timely response to important health events

A

Surveillance

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5
Q

Surveillance is used as a means of ____ detection of disease outbreaks

A

Rapid

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5
Q

The purpose of ____ is to produce information about diseases: their importance, distribution and risk factors

A

Surveillance

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5
Q

Cons of ____ surveillance include that it is very expensive and labor intensive and is not good for early detection of disease because it is only done once or intermittently

A

Active

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5
Q

Slaughter ______ is conducted in cattle, were cattle are slaughtered and tested for TB by an accredited veterinarian in order to demonstrate the prevalence of TB to be less than 2%

A

Surveillance

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6
Q

Actions taken to return to a normal or improved operating condition following a disaster, including reconstruction and restoring emotional wellbeing

A

Recovery

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6
Q

True/False: We have enough veterinarians in the country if a large animal disease outbreak occurs

A

False

*We do not have enough large animal vets

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7
Q

What kind of Source does this Epidemic Curve represent? Is this disease contagious?

A

Common Source with Intermittent Exposure

Not contagious

*Incubation period is NOT clearly shown

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8
Q

What is the mode of transmission for West Nile Virus

A

Indirect Horizontal Vectored transmission

*Mosquito vector

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9
Q

Vector transmission in which the agent undergoes changes or multiplies while in the vector

A

Biological

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9
Q

What two diseases are examples of Stage 3 cross species disease emergence:

Animal reservoir transmits to humans or animals with a few cycles

A

Mycobacterium bovis

Nipah Virus

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10
Q

On an epidemic curve, each wave is separated by an _______

A

Incubation period

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10
Q

Eradication of canine rabies in the USA is an example of ____ eradication, since rabies still exists in other species in the US

A

Practical

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11
Q

Part of the risk communication cycle in which we prepare, foster alliances and have test messages

A

Pre-Crisis

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12
Q

____ are live organisms that are usually arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks ect.

A

Vectors

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12
Q

What Source on an Epidemic Curve represents animals that are exposed to the same source at different times?

A

Common Source with intermittent exposure

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12
Q

Determinants that are external to the animal, such as housing and medical treatment

A

Extrinsic Determinants

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12
Q

True/False: Pathogens are adapting and better able to survive due to increased antibiotic resistance

A

True

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12
Q

What are the four phases of disaster managment?

A

Mitigation

Recovery

Preparedness

Response

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12
Q

VMAT function in which 4-6 person teams are deployed for 72 hours to assess veterinary conditions and gather verifiable data to enable state deployment of appropriate resources

A

Early Assessment

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12
Q

VMAT function in which 4-6 person teams deploy for 5 days to provide primary field care, which includes establishment of a base of operations for state based veterinary triage and care of displaced animals

A

Basic Treatment

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12
Q

In the USA, the only lab that can officially diagnose a FAD is the ____ laboratory, even if positive results were obtained by state labs.

A

USDA

*Positive results from state labs must be confirmed by USDA lab

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12
Q

True/False: Risk communication can decrease harmful effects by empowering people to make good/informed decisions and encouraging self efficacy and constructive responses

A

True

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12
Q

Disease agent has been completely removed from the area of concern - _____ eradication

A

Total

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13
Q

Period where microbe is replicating but not yet enough for the host to become infectious.

A

Latent period

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14
Q

True/False: If clinical signs are not compatible with a FAD, the FADD veterinarian response ends

A

False

*send samples to lab as a precaution

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15
Q

What two foriegn diseases are of high importance due to their huge economic impact

A

Foot and Mouth disease

Heart Water disease

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16
Q

Agency responsible for regulation of all animal imports/exports and investigates possible foreign animal diseases in the US

A

USDA

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17
Q

Virus that is transmitted via fruit bats to pigs in which there are a few cycles of transmission. Pigs present with respiratory symptoms and encephalitis

A

Nipah Virus

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18
Q

_____ individuals are more at risk for zoonotic disease

A

immunocompromised

*children, elderly, pregnant

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19
Q

Known disease that suddenly appears in a new population

A

Known Emerging disease

*Aka transboundry

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20
Q

Invasion, but not multiplication of an organism in/on a host (ex. Fleas, ticks)

A

Infestation

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20
Q

Part of risk communication cycle where we improve public response for future emergencies, examine problems and mishaps, and promote activies of the agency

A

Resolution

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21
Q

Actions taken to provie emergency assistance, save lives, minimize property damage and speed recovery including mobile vet clinics, rescue operations, and temporary shelters

A

Response

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22
Q

Isolation or treatment of cases, Quarantine, and population control are all examples of reducing ____potential

A

contact

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23
Q

Pathogens that cross between distantly related species are often cause more _____ disease

A

severe

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25
Q

Disease transmission is the result of the interaction between what three things?

A

Host

Agent

and Environment

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26
Q

What is the main difference between NVRT and VMAT?

A

NVRT includes more public health

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26
Q

Prevention aimed at maintaining a healthy population and preventing the occurence of a disease

A

Primary Prevention

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27
Q

Factors that help determine the probability, distribution, or severity of a disease in an animal or population of animals

A

Determinants

*Aka risk factors

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27
Q

Category ____ of USDA accreditation requires 3 units of training every 3 years and exludes food and fiber species, horses, all birds, farm raised aquatics and zoo animals that could transmit disease to livestock

A

One

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28
Q

Object that can be contaminated and transmit disease on a limited scale

A

Fomites

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29
Q

Plans and preparations made to save lives and property and to facilite respose to operations that ensure all the resources needed to cope with a disaster can be rapidly mobilized and deployed

A

Preparedness

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30
Q

True/False: National Response Plan is always in effect

A

True

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31
Q

Prevention that attempts to minimize damage after disease has occured

A

Secondary prevention

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32
Q

Surveillance requires observation of a population or collection analysis and interpretation of data from a population for timely ____ of important diseases

A

Detection

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33
Q

A probability or threat of damage, injury, liability, loss or any other negative occurrence that is caused by external or internal vulnerabilities that may be avoided through preemptive action

A

Risk

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34
Q

Federal response team of private citizens with professional expertise in public health, research, as well as veterinary health assigned to designate regional teams which train in preparation for to disaster response

A

National Veterinary Response Team (NVRT)

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34
Q

Part of risk communication cycle in which we open with empathy, inform the public, establish credibitly and provide emergency courses of action

A

Intial

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36
Q

Idea that human, animal and environmental health are all connected

A

One Health

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37
Q

Agency that maintains a database of diseases and events known as World Animal Health Information database (WAHID)

A

OIE

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39
Q

Epidemic _______ represents the number of new cases of disease, over time

A

Curve

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40
Q

What are the 5 stages of Cross-Species disease emergence?

A

Pathogen exclusive to one animal- stays in reservoir

Animal Reservoir transmits to one human or animal- stops after one cycle

Animal reservoir transmits to human or animal with a few cycles

Animal reservoir transmits to human or animal with sustained transmission

Pathogen becomes exclusive to new reservoir

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40
Q

The probability of transmission from a reservoir to a new host ____ with increased abundance of reservoir, increased pathogens prevalence, and increased contact between reservoir and host

A

increases

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41
Q

Risk communication is an interfacing between what two things?

A

Risk managment

Risk assessment

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43
Q

Elite team of more than 6500 health professionals that are dedicated to public health promotion, reponse, disease, prevention and science

A

U.S Public Health Service

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44
Q

______% of human pathogens are zoonotic

A

61

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45
Q

Direct horizontal transmission involving skin to skin contact, mucous membrane contact, bites, scratches ect.

A

Direct contact- Direct Horizontal

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46
Q

Attempt to prevent hazards from developing into disasters altogether or to reduce the effects of disasters when they due occur by focusing on long-term measures

A

Mitigation

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47
Q

NRF leads the all-hazards approach, meaning there is ____ plan for disasters and hazards which encompass all levels of government and is always in effect

A

One

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49
Q

Epidemic Curve with exposure followed by waves of secondary and tertiary cases

A

Propagated Source

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51
Q

List human reaction to risk from most frequent to rare:

A

Acceptance- Frequent

Fear

Denial

Panic- Rare

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51
Q

What are two common mistakes in risk communication?

A

withholding information to prevent panic

Over-assurance of audience to lessen fear

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51
Q

Elimination of an organism from the reservoirs of importance to humans or domestic animals as opposed to total eradication- ____ eradication

A

Practical

51
Q

Removing infected individuals, rendering infected individuals non shedders, and manipulating the environment are all examples of _____

A

Reservoir neutralization

*Ex. test and slaughter, Mosquito/Parasite control

52
Q

Disease that re-emerged in the UK in 2001 that spread rapidly and led to massive culling of animals and quarantine of people and animal

A

Foot and Mouth disease

52
Q

True/False: The public should be involved with risk communication

A

True

53
Q

True/False: For a disease to be contagious it must be spread by direct transmission/very close contact

A

True

56
Q

In this example of Trichinella, what kind of hosts are pigs, bears, and people?

A

Pigs- reservoir

Bears- Reservoirs

People- accidental host

56
Q

Steps taken to reduce a disease problem to a tolerable level and maintain it at that level

A

Control

*The disease has already occured

57
Q

What is the incubation period observed in the chart below?

A

3 days

59
Q

Direct horizontal transmission with droplet spread that includes sneezing, coughing or talking

A

Direct projection

*same room/same time

60
Q

Federal agency that provides surveillance for foreign disesae introduction and eradication for USA diseases

A

USDA

*US department of Agriculture

61
Q

True/False: Veterinarians are now considered first responders in disasters

A

True

63
Q

True/False: Most pathogens have one specific host

A

False

*Most pathogens have multiple host species

64
Q

The final step in disease control efforts that consists of complete elimination of the disease from a defined geographic region

A

Eradication

65
Q

Animal _____has led to marked increases in disease transmission due to live animal markets, swap meets, and international smuggling.

A

Trade

66
Q

True/False: Veterinarians and human medical professionals need to share information about zoonotic disease outbreaks as well as communicate with the public about disease information

A

True

67
Q

True/False: Risk communication involves communicating with compassion, concern and empathy

A

True

68
Q

When there is a suspected FAD, a _____ veterinarian will be dispatched to examine animals and take samples

A

FADD

69
Q

_____ detects failure of biosecurity and border security programs and is used to evaluate the effectiveness of disease control

A

Surveillance

69
Q

Surveillance that targets a specific segment of the population to enhance detection of disease

A

Targeted Surveillance

72
Q

True/False: The public and farmers can help to diagnose disease and as veterinarians we should listen to them to alert us when something may be wrong

A

True

73
Q

Animal breed is more commonly a ______ determinant

A

Intrinsic Secondary

*Not all white cats will get squamous cell carcinoma

74
Q

Surveillance involved in committed effort where they initiate the data collection by identifying surveillance subjects and information collection and actively seeking out cases of disease or data

A

Active Surveillance

74
Q

True/False: Bovine TB is reportable by law

A

true

75
Q

International animal organization which deals with internationally reported animal diseases mainly associated with trade

A

OIE

77
Q

Little control over who provides data and therefore not a representative sample of a population are cons associated with _____ surveillance

A

Passive

79
Q

Determinant that is a major contributing factor and is necessary for disease to occur

A

Primary Determinant

79
Q

What kind of surveillance are these all examples of?

Reportable disease programs

Sero-surveys

Real time surveillance- ex. medical records/ambulance records

digital disease surveillance- ex. google flu trends

A

Passive Surveillance

81
Q

Indirect horizontal transmission in which an inanimate object serves to communicate disease

A

Vehicle

82
Q

When the hazard is high and outrage is low we want to alert insufficiently upset people to serious risk

A

Precaution advocacy

*Watch out

83
Q

______, which is the deliberate release of a virus, bacteria, toxi, or other harmful agent used to cause illness or death in people, animals or plants is considered a man-made disaster

A

Bioterrorism

85
Q

Form of transmission that occurs directly from the reservoir to a susceptible host

A

Direct Horizontal transmission

86
Q

____accredited veterinarians are trained in the signs of FADs and other reportable diseases and taught the proper procedures for vaccinating and testing animals for regulated diseases

A

USDA

86
Q

True/False: There is a high correlation between hazard and outrage

A

False

*Low correlation

Dangerous does not equal upsetting

86
Q

Part of risk communication cycle were we document lessons learned, evaluate communication plan and determine actions to improve crisis systems

A

Evaluation

87
Q

Risk and communication is a _____ process

A

on-going

89
Q

Who published evidence that cholera in 1849 was transmitted by the fecal-oral route and by the water supply in London

A

John Snow

*Went door to door and drew map of concentration of sickest people- centered around drinking well

91
Q

Unknown disease that suddenly appears in a population

A

Previously Unknown Emerging disease

93
Q

Period where the microbe is replicating but not symptomatic yet

A

Incubation period

93
Q

___% of emerging diseaes of humans are zoonotic

A

75

94
Q

When the hazard is high and outrage is also high we want to help appropriately upset people to cope with serious risks

A

Crisis communication

96
Q

True/False: All sick animals are reservoirs

A

False

*They are not always able to transmit the disease

99
Q

Determinants that are internal to the animal such as age, breed and sex, which are genetically governed and cannot be changed

A

Intrinsic Determinants

99
Q

The County Animal Response Team provide rapid response on a ____ level, utilizing local resources and estabilishing relationships with local agencies

A

Local

100
Q

Biosecurity, Mass culling, and ring vaccination are possible ways veterinarians will be involved in response to a ____

A

FAD

101
Q

What are the pros and cons of Real time (syndromic surveillance)?

A

Pro- fast at detecting outbreaks

disadvantage- not specific (false positives)

103
Q

True/False: Preparedness is a long term plan

A

False

*short term

105
Q

Response team dedicated to preparing, planning, responding, and recovering during animal emergencies who are highly trained to facilitate a safe and efficient response to disasters on the local, county, state and federal level

A

State Animal Response Team

107
Q

Virus which has outbreaks in Malaysia leading to sick pigs and humans with respiratory disease and encephalitis and a high mortality rate

A

Nipah Virus

108
Q

Incident command system uses a ____ structure meaning only positions that are necessary will be filled and each element will have a person in charge

A

Top-down structure

108
Q

What are the three big components of Surveillance?

A

Rapid Detection

Appropriate Response

Communication of disease status of population

*Good surveillance program must have all three

110
Q

Known disease, previously on the decline, that is becoming more common and is on the rise again

A

Re-Emerging disease

112
Q

Trusted membres of the community which are a public health education resource and an ongoing contributor to surveillance with first point detection

A

Veterinarians

113
Q

Type of surveillance in which the authority does very little to select subjects for sampling and has little to no control over who provides samples/data because submission is initiated at the discretion of the sample/data provider

A

Passive surveillance

114
Q

The main pro of _____ surveillance includes that it is representative of the population

A

Active

116
Q

Disease is transmissible from one human/animal to another via direct or airborne routes

A

Contagious

117
Q

____member nations are obligated to scientifically estimate the disease risk associated with their animals and animal products, which requires surveillance

A

OIE

*To export meat must have proper surveillance system in place

118
Q

_____ is very important in risk communication and should be what we open the communication with

A

Empathy

119
Q

____ member nations are required to report the occurrence of listed and emerging diseases

A

OIE

*Borders close if disease is detected or has substandard surveillance

120
Q

This Federal level team is operated under the American Veterinary Medical Assocaition (AVMA) and assistance must be requested by a state before the team is deployed

A

Veterinary Medical Assistance Team (VMAT)

121
Q

True/False: Clinically ill animls that are reservoir competent are probably infectious

A

True

122
Q

Food, water, and contaminated IV drugs serve as common ____ of disease

A

vehicles

122
Q

Response team that is intended for use by local government to make immediate action in providing care to minimize animal suffering in the event of a large scale disaster

A

County Animal Response Team (CART)

123
Q

True/False: USDA has veterinarians in every state including an Area Veterinarian in Charge (AVIC)

A

True

124
Q

Primary determinants must ______ be there in order for disease to occur. They satisfy the ______ test.

A

Always

Gotta have It

126
Q

Three examples of Stage 4 cross species disease emergence:

Animal reservoir transmits to humans or animals with sustained transmission

A

SARS

Schmallenberg virus

Influenza H1N1- swine infuenza

127
Q

If states want _____ they have to be able to prove to the Federal government that they have disaster plans in place

A

Funding

*No planning = No funding

128
Q

Public health activities to ensure that messages and strategies designed to prevent exposure, adverse human health effecs, and dimished quality of life are effectively communicated to the public

A

Risk communication

129
Q

Agency that maintains a list of internationally notifiable animal diseases and requires countries to report and oubreak of any notifiable disease within 24 hours

A

OIE

132
Q

For Bovine Shipping Fever, match the following:

Intrinsic Primary Exposure to Shipping

Extrinsic Primary Mixing Cattle

Intrinsic Secondary Animals are Young

Extrinsic Secondary Susceptible immunologically naïve

A

Intrinsic Primary- Susceptible Immunologically naïve calves

Extrinsic Primary- Exposure to Shipping

Intrinsic Secondary- Animals are young

Extrinsic Secondary- Mixing Cattle

133
Q

What are three components of Disease control and eradication?

A

Reservoir neutralization

Reducing contact potential

Increasing host resistance

134
Q

Department of Homeland security which establishes a comprehensive, national, all- hazards approach to any domestic incident

A

National Reponse Framework (NRF)

135
Q

A serious disruption of the functioning of a community involving widespread human, material, economic, or environmental losses and impacts which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources

A

Disaster

138
Q

Screening for cancer, physical examinations, blood work, and test and slaughter are examples of _____ prevention

A

Secondary

140
Q

True/False: In disease prevention, knowing the specific agent is more important than knowning the mode of transmission

A

False

*Knowing the mode of transmission is more important than identifying the specific agent. If we know the route we can have some control over the disease

141
Q

Prevention that consists of rehabilitation after primary and secondary prevention has failed and applies mostly to the individual in which the goal is to reduce severity of symptoms and maintain the best quality of life

A

Tertiary

142
Q

Standardized system for on scene, all hazard, incident management that uses standard terminology and utilizes multiple agency cooperation

A

Incident Command System (ICS)

*all agencies should be talking the same language

144
Q

Bacteria that is transmitted from cattle or bison that has a few cycles of transmission via the respiratory route before transmission stops

A

Mycobacterium Bovis

146
Q

Vaccination is an ______ determinant, while and animals immune status is an ______ determinant

A

Vaccination- extrinsic

Immune status- Intrinsic

147
Q

Management of a diabetic cat, eye enulceation for cancer eye, claw amputation are all examples of ____ prevention

A

Tertiary

149
Q

What are the four big drivers in disease emergence?

A

Land use changes

Food and agriculture systems

Environmental systems

Human behavoir

150
Q

Most of the time we are talking about ______ animals when making an epidemic curve

A

Symptomatic

151
Q

An animal is a ____ if you can answer YES to all three of these questions:

  1. Is it naturally infected with the pathogen?
  2. Can that species of animal maintain the pathogen over time?
  3. Can this source transmit the disease to a new, susceptible host?
A

Reservoir

152
Q

Disease is caused by an agent capable of transmission by direct, airborne, or indirect routes from an infected person, animal, plant or a contaminated inanimate reservoir

A

Communicable

154
Q

Determinants that make the disease more or less likely. Predisposing or enabling factors that are not necessary but contribute to the disease.

A

Secondary Determinant

156
Q

True/False: Each state decides which diseases are reportable within the state and are required to include the diseases of the NNDSS (national notifiable disease surveillance system)

A

False

*Each state is not required to include the diseases on the NNDSS list

158
Q

Vector transmission in which the agent does not multiply or undergo part of its life cycle while in the arthropod

A

Mechanical

158
Q

True/False: In disease control programs only the clinically ill animals should be monitored

A

False

*Also need to monitor animals that don’t show clinical signs- may be carriers

160
Q

Habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies

A

Reservoir

161
Q

True/False: Only USDA accredited veterinarians can perform activities related to regulartory diseases, such as TB testing and rabies vaccinations

A

True

162
Q

True/False: Clinical veterinarians must immediatly notify regulatory veterinarians if you suspect a forgein animal disease

A

TRUE

*if you suspect, you report

165
Q

Of the greater than 1400 species of pathogens that can infect human, ____ accounts for 61%

A

zoonoses

166
Q

_____ is a very important driver to pathogen emergence due to human behavoir

A

Travel

167
Q

Disease control managment agency that is in charge of protecting the health of american agriculture and natural resources

A

USDA-APHIS

169
Q

We worry about (mechanical/biological) vector transmission more as far as introducing foreign disease becasue the agent can persist in the organism very well

A

Biological

173
Q

The idea that infectious diseases can be contained if the population’s resistance to infection is high enough. Does not protect individuals and while some non immune individuals will become infected, many other non immune animals will be indirectly protected by the immunity of the population

A

Herd Immunity

174
Q

The public should be accepted and involved as ____ in risk communication

A

partners

174
Q

What is the most common type of surveillance?

A

Passive

175
Q

Demographics, macroclimate, microclimate, housing, diet, and stress are all examples of ________determinants

A

Extrinsic/Environmental

176
Q

Indirect horizontal transmission in which a living organism serves to communicate disease

A

Vector

177
Q

True/False: Disaster planning should encompass the “all animal-all hazard” philosophy and include mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery

A

True

178
Q

Vaccination, Border security, meat inspection are examples of ____prevention

A

Primary

180
Q

Part of risk communication where we provide background information, listen to feedback from audience, explain emergency recommendations and empower risk/benefit decision making

A

Maintenance

182
Q

Age, sex, genotype, breed, nutrition, and immunity are all examples of _____determinants

A

Intrinsic

183
Q

What source does this Epidemic Curve represent? Is the disease contagious?

A

Common Source Single Point Exposure

Not contagious

184
Q

_____ is a very important driver in pathogen emergence associated with Food and Agriculture systems

A

Trade

185
Q

Route by which the pathogen leaves the reservoir. Example: cough, sneeze, feces or urine

A

Portal of exit

186
Q

____ are a part of most active surveillance programs, where individuals in populations are identified and picked randomly by surveillance practitioner for inclusion by actively putting time and effort into collecting samples and controlling who submits

A

surveys

187
Q

True/False: Sentinel surveillance is less expensive than monitoring the whole population and allows for early warning but may not represent the popluation

A

True

188
Q

Surveillance in which a small group is monitored as an indicator of the greater population health or disease risk

A

Sentinal surveillance

189
Q

chickens commonly act as ____ for estimating the risk to human population from EEE and WEE

A

sentinels

190
Q

____ is key during a disaster and is usually the biggest problem in disasters

A

Communication

191
Q

Providing continuous surveillance and inexpensive are two pros of ____ surveillance

A

Passive

192
Q

Epidemic curve in which all animals are exposed at once to the same source of infection

A

Common Source Single Point Exposure

193
Q

What source does this Epidemic Curve represent? Is this disease contagious?

A

Propagated Source

Contagious disease

194
Q

When hazard is low and outrage is high we want to reassure excessively upset people about small risks

A

outrage management

*calm down

195
Q

What are two services that only USDA accredited veterinarians can provide?

A

Provide vaccinations and testing for regulatory diseases

Perform exams and complete health certificates for animal movement

197
Q

VMAT function that provides 1-2 days of emergency education and training to state veterinary workers including lectures and field exercises

A

Training

198
Q

Diet is an _____ determinant, while body condition score and nutritional status are _______ determinants

A

Diet- extrinsic

Body condition score and nutritional status- Intrinsic

199
Q

Agency that inspects agricultural products and meat for foodborne disease, both domestic and imported, as well as managing nationwide programs for enzootic animal diseases

A

USDA

200
Q

In stage 2 of cross species disease emergence, the animal reservoir transmits to either a human or animal but there is no further transmission. What is another name for the host?

A

Dead end host

201
Q

If ____ is suspceted in cattle, lesions will be sent for tesing, the herd will be quarantined and if more than a few animals test positive then the whole herd will be euthanized

A

Bovine TB

202
Q

True/False: Only USDA accredited veterinarians can perform exams for health certificates allowing for travel between states or countries

A

True

Epidemiology Exam 1 (1 decks)

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