Exam 1

Question 0

Turbid urine may be due to

Answer 0

crystal precipitaion
bacteria, yeast
WBC, RBC
Mucus, squamous epithilial cells (normal)
Sperm, prostatic fluid, lipids

Question 1

Urine appearance: Color
Normal: pale straw colored or dark amber
Abnormal

Answer 1

Red or red brown - blood or hemoglobinuria
R/O menstrual contamination, food dyes, myoglobin beets.

Dark brown to black - BILE OR BILIRUBIN, melanoma

Question 2

fruity odor is a sign of

Abnormal odors are due to

Answer 2

Ketone bodies/DM

UTI, cigarrettes, AA disorders

Question 3

Urine Dipstick checks for

Answer 3

pH, Spec gravity, glucose, ketones (fruity), protein (turbid smell), blood (red), Nitrite and Leukocyte estrase = UTI, Bilirubin and Urobilinogen = liver dz

Question 4

1. Normal pH is

2. pH > 8 is a sign of

Answer 4

1. 4.5-8.0

2. of urine sitting too long and bacterial overgrowth (contaminated due to long processing time)

Question 5

Specific Gravity of H2O is 1, everything else is substance wgt
Normal SG si

Answer 5

1.003 - 1.035

Question 6

1. SG reflects the ability of kidneys to

2. With kidney dz, the SG is fixed at

Answer 6

concentrate the urine

1.010 (same as filtrate due to inability to concentrate urine)

Question 7

When renal threshhold of glucose >150 is exceeded, the glucose is spilled into urine.
In some types of kidney defects, the renal threshold for glucose is

Answer 7

lower

Question 8

Urine Glucose False Negative can be due to

Answer 8

Vit C

Aspirin

Question 9

Ketones are a result of low carb diet (rapid wgt loss, starvation, DKA diabetic ketoacidosis, pregs)
Presence of ketones in urine represents

Answer 9

Acidosis

Question 10

Normal protein in urine is < 150
30% albumin
30% globulin
40% Tamm-Horsfall protein (A mucoprotein secreted ONLY by renal tubular cells)

Answer 10

High SG - may give higher protein level

lower SG - may give lower protein level

Question 11

Tomm Horsfall protein is

Answer 11

a mucoprotein that is secreted ONLY by renal tubular cells

Question 12

Falsely positive for protein if

Answer 12

High alkaline urine
Hematuria (blood picked up as protein)
Pyridium present (analgesic for UTIs in addn to ABs)
High SG

Question 13

Microalbuminuria

Answer 13

excretion of albumin BELOW dection level of 300, but ABOVE normal:
EARLY sign of diabetic neuropathy
urine dipstick doesn’t detect < 300
other causes: excercise, fever, cystitis (UTI) and CHF

Question 14

Glomerulonephritis (and vasculitis) has was type of casts

Answer 14

Red cell casts

Question 15

Acute pyelonephritis has which casts

Answer 15

White cell casts
(infection, fever, low back pain + White casts)
kidney inf not bladder

Question 16

Granular cells are

Answer 16

from renal tubular cell casts (injury to epithilium)
old epithilium sloughing off
rectangular shape

Question 17

Distended tubules, kidney dz

Answer 17

waxy casts:

broad, sharp edges with crackles

Question 18

Urine culture is most relaible to dx infections

range indicative of inf is

Answer 18

> 100,000 colonies

Question 19

hyaline casts are

and made of

Answer 19

very pale and made of Tamm-Horsefall mucoprotein secreted by tubule cells only

Question 20

High number of epithilial cells in UA is a sign of

Answer 20

contamination

Question 21

oval cell bodies consist of

Answer 21

degenerated tubular cells that contain high amounts of lipid,
maltese cross on microscope

Question 22

Large amount of renal tubular and transit epithilial cell are a sign of

Answer 22

tubular degeneration

Question 23

Normal WBC in urine is

Answer 23

0-5
10-20 suspect UTI
>20 = UTI

Question 24

If sediment is red after centerfuging

Answer 24

Its hematuria

Question 25

If supernatent (top part) is RED after centerfuging

Answer 25

Do a dipstick for HEME,
If HEME is neg - it’s beets
if HEME is pos - its either Myoglobin (clear plasma) or Hemoglobin (red plasma)

Question 26

Abnormal range for RBCs in urine

Answer 26

> 3

Question 27

Causes of RBCs in urine

Answer 27

kidney stones, renal and urinary tract trauma
glomerular damage
tumors
UTI
menstrual contamination

Question 28

Bilirubin and Urobilinogen in urine is a sign of

Answer 28

LIVER dz

Question 29

Proteinuria is a sign of

Answer 29

KIDNEY dz
due to endothelial dysfx
(in blood vessels, endothelial dyxfx results in atherosclerosis)

Question 30

Tx of proteinuria

Answer 30

Decrease BP
ACE inhibitor
Low protein diet

Question 31

Microalbuminuria is a

Answer 31

early sign of diabetic neuropathy
other: excercise, fever, cystitis (UTI), CHF

use 24 hr urine or alb to creat ration (first am void)
<30 is normal