exam 1

Question 0

what is the angle and points of martians basilar angle?

Answer 0

naison to center of sella tursica to basion. normal angle is 137-152

Question 1

what is the max measurement of an inlarged sella tursica?

Answer 1

16x12mm

Question 2

if martins basilar angle is greater than 152 what is indicated?

Answer 2

platybasia

Question 3

what are the parameters of chamberlains line?

Answer 3

extends from the hard palate to the opsithion. odontoid process should not extend more than 7mm above line

Question 4

what does chamberlains line detect?

Answer 4

basilar invagination

Question 5

what are the parameters of mcgregors line?

Answer 5

from hard palate to inferior occiput. odontoid should not extend above line more than 8-10mm

Question 6

what is basilar impression?

Answer 6

congenital occipitalization of atlas

Question 7

what is basilar invagination?

Answer 7

disease process of bone softening

Question 8

what are the lines of alignment in the spine?

Answer 8

georges lines (posterior vertebral bodies)
spinolaminar line (along the intersection o the spinous and lamina)

Question 9

what is anteriolisthesis?

Answer 9

anterior misalignment of the spine

Question 10

what causes anteriolisthesis?

Answer 10

spondylolisthesis
pars defect
trauma
ligament laxity
degeneration

Question 11

what is retrolisthesis?

Answer 11

posterior misalignment of the spine

Question 12

what causes retrolisthesis?

Answer 12

posterior subluxation
degenerative disc disease
trauma
normal variant
arthritis (physiologic)

Question 13

what is the atlanto dental interspace measurements?

Answer 13

adult - 2.5-3mm

child - 4.5-5mm

Question 14

what etiologies can effect the Atlantodental interval?

Answer 14

trauma
inflammatory arthropathies (rheumatoid arthritis most common over all)
downs syndrome (ligament laxity)
upper cervical anomalies

Question 15

what does atlantoaxial overhang indicate?

Answer 15

lateral displacement suggests fracture of atlas or odontoid process

Question 16

what is the normal range for the cervical curve?

Answer 16

35-45

45 - hyperlordosis

Question 17

what is the harrison posterior tangent method?

Answer 17

method of measuring the cervical curve with lines drawn on the posterior bodies of C2 and C7 with the angles measured at the intersection of the lines. normal is 34 degrees with a standard deviation of 9

Question 18

What are the parameters of the cervical gravitational line?

Answer 18

From the odontoid tip straight down. It normally traverses the anterior superior aspect of C7.

Question 19

What are the parameters of the sagittal canal measurement?

Answer 19

The anterior line is the posterior aspect of the vertebral body, posterior line is the spinolaminar line.
Normal is greater than 16 mm.
If under 12mm stenosis. (Causes disc facet degeneration, herniation and congenital abnormality.)

Question 20

What is the Pre-vertebral Soft Tissue Space?

Answer 20

Retropharyngeal space below C2. (7mm)
Retrotracheal space below C6. (22mm)
Significance - Edema, hemorrhage, pus, and tumor. (SOL - space occupying lesion)

Question 21

How do you determine lumbar spine lordosis?

Answer 21

Lines aare drawn on the superior enplate of L1 and the base of the sacrum. Vertical perpendicular lines are drawn from the enplate and sacral lines and the angle at the intersection is measured.
Normal is between 50 - 60 degrees.

Question 22

How are spondylolisthesis graded?

Answer 22

Meyerdings method
Grade 1 < 25%
Grade 2 < 50%
Grade 3 < 75%
Grade 4 < 100%
(posterior aspect of body has moved forward. Most commonly occurs at puberty.)

Question 23

How is scoliosis determined?

Answer 23

Cobbs method - a line is drawn across the superior plate of the uppermost vertebrae tipped maximally into the curve.
Line 2 is drawn across the enplate of lower most vertebrae tipped maximally into the curve. Perpendicular lines are drawn and the angle formed is measured.

Question 24

What is the teardrop distance?

Answer 24

Measurement of the medial hip joint space should be 9 - 11mm.

Question 25

What is Kleins line?

Answer 25

Line drawn across the outer boarder of the femoral neck. Subtends the outer aspect of the femoral head.

Question 26

What does Kleins line evaluate?

Answer 26

It evaluates slipped capital femoral epiphysis.

Question 27

What is the Shenton Line?

Answer 27

Line from the medial femoral neck to the superior margin of the obturator foramen. Normal is a smooth arc.

Question 28

What is Kohlers Line?

Answer 28

Line from the medial pelvic rim to the external margin of the obturator foramen (the acetabulum should not extend beyond this line).

Question 29

What is Boehler’s angle?

Answer 29

It is looking for calcaneus fracture. The range is between 28 and 40 degrees.

Question 30

What is the normal measurement of the acromiohumeral space?

Answer 30

Averages 10mm. Narrowing is associated with supraspinatus tendinopathy.

Question 31

What are secondary ossification centers?

Answer 31

Epiphysis - forms articular cartilage, and gives length to bone.
Apophysis - attachment for ligament and tendon.