exam 1 Flashcards
what is the angle and points of martians basilar angle?
naison to center of sella tursica to basion. normal angle is 137-152
what is the max measurement of an inlarged sella tursica?
16x12mm
if martins basilar angle is greater than 152 what is indicated?
platybasia
what are the parameters of chamberlains line?
extends from the hard palate to the opsithion. odontoid process should not extend more than 7mm above line
what does chamberlains line detect?
basilar invagination
what are the parameters of mcgregors line?
from hard palate to inferior occiput. odontoid should not extend above line more than 8-10mm
what is basilar impression?
congenital occipitalization of atlas
what is basilar invagination?
disease process of bone softening
what are the lines of alignment in the spine?
georges lines (posterior vertebral bodies) spinolaminar line (along the intersection o the spinous and lamina)
what is anteriolisthesis?
anterior misalignment of the spine
what causes anteriolisthesis?
spondylolisthesis pars defect trauma ligament laxity degeneration
what is retrolisthesis?
posterior misalignment of the spine
what causes retrolisthesis?
posterior subluxation degenerative disc disease trauma normal variant arthritis (physiologic)
what is the atlanto dental interspace measurements?
adult - 2.5-3mm
child - 4.5-5mm
what etiologies can effect the Atlantodental interval?
trauma
inflammatory arthropathies (rheumatoid arthritis most common over all)
downs syndrome (ligament laxity)
upper cervical anomalies
what does atlantoaxial overhang indicate?
lateral displacement suggests fracture of atlas or odontoid process
what is the normal range for the cervical curve?
35-45
45 - hyperlordosis
what is the harrison posterior tangent method?
method of measuring the cervical curve with lines drawn on the posterior bodies of C2 and C7 with the angles measured at the intersection of the lines. normal is 34 degrees with a standard deviation of 9
What are the parameters of the cervical gravitational line?
From the odontoid tip straight down. It normally traverses the anterior superior aspect of C7.
What are the parameters of the sagittal canal measurement?
The anterior line is the posterior aspect of the vertebral body, posterior line is the spinolaminar line.
Normal is greater than 16 mm.
If under 12mm stenosis. (Causes disc facet degeneration, herniation and congenital abnormality.)
What is the Pre-vertebral Soft Tissue Space?
Retropharyngeal space below C2. (7mm)
Retrotracheal space below C6. (22mm)
Significance - Edema, hemorrhage, pus, and tumor. (SOL - space occupying lesion)
How do you determine lumbar spine lordosis?
Lines aare drawn on the superior enplate of L1 and the base of the sacrum. Vertical perpendicular lines are drawn from the enplate and sacral lines and the angle at the intersection is measured.
Normal is between 50 - 60 degrees.
How are spondylolisthesis graded?
Meyerdings method Grade 1 < 25% Grade 2 < 50% Grade 3 < 75% Grade 4 < 100% (posterior aspect of body has moved forward. Most commonly occurs at puberty.)
How is scoliosis determined?
Cobbs method - a line is drawn across the superior plate of the uppermost vertebrae tipped maximally into the curve.
Line 2 is drawn across the enplate of lower most vertebrae tipped maximally into the curve. Perpendicular lines are drawn and the angle formed is measured.
What is the teardrop distance?
Measurement of the medial hip joint space should be 9 - 11mm.
What is Kleins line?
Line drawn across the outer boarder of the femoral neck. Subtends the outer aspect of the femoral head.
What does Kleins line evaluate?
It evaluates slipped capital femoral epiphysis.
What is the Shenton Line?
Line from the medial femoral neck to the superior margin of the obturator foramen. Normal is a smooth arc.
What is Kohlers Line?
Line from the medial pelvic rim to the external margin of the obturator foramen (the acetabulum should not extend beyond this line).
What is Boehler’s angle?
It is looking for calcaneus fracture. The range is between 28 and 40 degrees.
What is the normal measurement of the acromiohumeral space?
Averages 10mm. Narrowing is associated with supraspinatus tendinopathy.
What are secondary ossification centers?
Epiphysis - forms articular cartilage, and gives length to bone.
Apophysis - attachment for ligament and tendon.
