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Spinal E1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?

A

collagen type 1

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1
Q

What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?

A

Glycosaminoglycans

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2
Q

What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?

A

hydroxyapatite

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3
Q

What are the tree responses of bone which allow it to be described as “living”?

A

it has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors and age

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4
Q

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?

A

intramembranous ossification

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5
Q

What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartlage?

A

from the second to fifth month in utero

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6
Q

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?

A

endochondral ossification

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7
Q

What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification?

A

chondrocranium

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8
Q

What bone o the appendicular skeleton is formed by endochondral and intramembranous ossfication?

A

The clavicle

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9
Q

What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?

A

Primary centers of ossification appears BEFORE birth

Secondary centers ossification AFTER birth

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10
Q

What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?

A 
Gender variation (sexual dimorphism)
Ontogenetic variation (growth/age)
geographic (ethnic)
idiosyncratic (individual variation)
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11
Q

What are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone?

A

Long bone, short bone, flat bone, irregular bones, paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones and sesamoid bone

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12
Q

What is the name given to bone formed in a non-bone location?

A

heterotopic bone

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13
Q

What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?

A

accessory bone

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14
Q

What are examples of short bones?

A

most of the bones of the carpus and tarsus

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15
Q

What is characteristic of pneumatic bone?

A

air spaces with the bone

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16
Q

What are examples of pneumatic bone?

A

frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid (FEMS)

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17
Q

What are the four basic surface feature categories?

A

elevation, depression, tunnels or passageways and facets

elevators depress tunnel passageways to fences

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18
Q

What are the types of osseous linear elevations?

A

Line Ridge Crest

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19
Q

What are the types of osseous elevations?

A

linear, rounded and sharp

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20
Q

What is the definition of an osseous tuber or tuberosity?

A

a large projection with a significant base and a variable height on the surface of bone

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21
Q

What are examples of an osseous malleolus?

A

Medial malleolus of the tibia and lateral malleolus of fibula

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22
Q

What are examlples of osseous tubers or tuberosities?

A

Frontal tuber of frontal bone
tuberosity for serratus anterior muscle of rib 2
Sacral tuberosity of S2
Ischial tuberosity of the innominate bone

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23
Q

What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?

A

spine and process

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24
Q

What is the definition of the osseous elevation called “spine”?

A

a thorn-like elevation from the surface of bone

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25
Q

What are the categories of osseous depressions?

A

linear and rounded depressions

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26
Q

What are the categories of osseous linear depressions?

A

notch or incisure, groove and sulcus

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27
Q

What are the categories of rounded osseous depressions?

A

Fovea and fossa

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28
Q

What are the names given to openings on the surface of bone?

A

ostium or orifice and hiatus

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29
Q

What is the definition of an osseous osmium?

A

a round or oval opening on the surface of bone

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30
Q

What is the definition of an osseous hiatus?

A

an irregular opening on the surface of bone

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31
Q

What is the definition of an osseous foramen?

A

ostium passing completely through a thin region of bone

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32
Q

What is the definition of an osseous canal?

A

ostium passing completely through a thick region of bone

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33
Q

What is the name given to an osmium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind-edned passageway?

A

Meatus

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34
Q

What are the categories of osseous facets?

A

flat facets and rounded facets

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35
Q

What is the definition of an osseous fissure?

A

irregular slit or crack appearance btwn the surface of adjacent bones

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36
Q

What are the categories of rounded osseous facets?

A

articular heads and articular condyles

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37
Q

What is the definition of an osseous condyle?

A

a knuckle-shaped surface on bone for osseous articulation

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38
Q

How many bones form the typical adult axial skeleton?

A

80

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39
Q

What bones form the axial skeleton?

A

Skull, Hyoid, Vertebral column, Sernum and Ribs

See Hot Vixen Stole Rubies

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40
Q

What is the name given to the adult skull minus the mandible?

A

The cranium

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41
Q

What are the names given to the top of the adult skull?

A

The calvaria or calve

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42
Q

What are the categories of bone forming the typical adult skull?

A

Neurocranium
facial skeleton ( splanchnocranium or visceral skeleton)
Auditory ossicles

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43
Q

What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult skull?

A

28 bones

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44
Q

What bones form the neurocranium of the typical adult skull?

A 
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital 
sphenoid and ethmoid
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45
Q

How many bones form the typical adult neurocranium?

A

8 bones

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46
Q

what is the facial skeleton (splanchnocranium or visceral skeleton)?

A

the bones that support the face

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47
Q

How many bones form the facial skeleton (splanchnocranium or visceral skeleton)?

A

14 bone

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48
Q

By strict definition, what is a splanchnocranium?

A

the bones which support the face MINUS the mandible

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49
Q

How many bones comprise the typical adult auditory ossicles?

A

6 bones

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50
Q

How many bones are present in the adult hyoid?

A

1 bone

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51
Q

What bones comprise the typical adult ventral column or spinal column?

A

Cervial, Thoracic, Lumbar vertebrae and sacrum/coccyx

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52
Q

What is the name given to the pre sacral region of the typical adult vertebral column or spinal column?

A

The spine

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53
Q

How many bones are present in the typical adult sternum?

A

1 bone

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54
Q

How many ribs are present in the typical adult skeleton?

A

12 pair or 24 ribs

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55
Q

What term is used to identify the study of joints?

A

arthrology

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56
Q

What term is used to identify the study of ligaments?

A

syndesmology

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57
Q

What are the three histological classifications of joint?

A

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial fluid

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58
Q

What is the classification of a plane or gliding synovial joint?

A

arthrodia

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59
Q

What is the classification of a hinge type synovial joint?

A

ginglymus

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60
Q

What is the classification of pivot joint?

A

trochoid

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61
Q

What is the classification of a knuckle type synovial joint?

A

condylar or bicondylar

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62
Q

What is the classification of an oval-like synovial joint?

A

ellipsoidal

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63
Q

What is the classification of a saddle type synovial joint?

A

sellar

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64
Q

What is the classification of a ball and socket synovial joint?

A

cotyloid
spheroidal
enarthrosis

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65
Q

What fibrous connective tissue classically fills the joint space of syndesmosis?

A

interosseous ligament

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66
Q

What are the examples of the typical syndesmosis from the vertebral column?

A

most of the ligamentous joints of the vertebral column and ligamentous sacra-iliac joints

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67
Q

What is the synonym for amphiarthrosis joints?

A

cartilage joint

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68
Q

Which classification of cartilage joint is the first to appear developmentally?

A

(amphiarthrosis) Synchondrosis

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69
Q

Which cartilage joint forms between ossification centers within a cartilage template?

A

(amphiathrosis) Synchondrosis

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70
Q

Which type of cartilage is characteristic of the (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis?

A

hyaline cartilage

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71
Q

Which classification of cartilage joint is primary, temporary and composed of hyaline cartilage?

A

(amphiathrosis) Synchondrosis

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72
Q

What are examples of a permanent (amphiathrosis) Synchondrosis?

A

costochondral joints or the first sternochondral joint

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73
Q

What are examples of temporary cartilage joints?

A

Metaphysis
Neuro-central joint
Neural arch joint
chondrocranium

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74
Q

What is the classification of a secondary cartilage joint?

A

(amphiathrosis) Symphysis

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75
Q

Which cartilage joint occurs between bones formed by endochondral ossification?

A

(amphiathrosis) Symphysis

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76
Q

Which type of cartilage joint is permanent in its longevity?

A

(amphiathrosis) Symphysis

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77
Q

What type of cartilage is characteristic of the (amphiathrosis) Symphysis?

A

fibrocartilage or fibrous cartilage

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78
Q

Which cartilage joint has limited motion, lies in the median plane and occurs between bones formed by endochondral ossification?

A

(amphiathrosis) Symphysis

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79
Q

What are the classic examples of an (amphiathrosis) Symphysis?

A

Intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis, sternal symphyses, and syphsis menti

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80
Q

Which example of an (amphiathrosis) Symphysis is temporary?

A

symphysis menti

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81
Q

What are the four consistent features of synovial (diarthrosis) joint?

A

articular or fibrous capsule
synovial membrane
articular cartilage and synovial fluid

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82
Q

Thickening of the fibrous capsule connective tissue will form what?

A

capsular ligament

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83
Q

What generic accessory ligament may accompany and support the capsular ligament?

A

intracapsular and extracapsular ligament

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84
Q

What is the generic function of ligaments?

A

stimulate reflex contraction of muscles around the joint

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85
Q

What are the characteristics of the type I articular receptors?

A

located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule, resemble Ruffini endings, most numerous in cervical zygapophyses and they monitor the joint “at rest”

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86
Q

What are the characteristics of type II articular receptors?

A

Located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule, resemble Pacinian corpuscles, most numerous in the cervical spine and monitor the joint during normal range of motion

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87
Q

What are the characteristics of type III articular receptors?

A

present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments, resemble Golgi tendon organs, not initially observed along the vertebral column and monitor extreme joint motion

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88
Q

What is the function of the type IV articular receptors?

A

nocicepive, monitor pain

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89
Q

Type IVa articular receptors would be present in what locations?

A

fibrous capsule, articular fat pads or adventitia of blood vessels

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90
Q

What are the three modifications of articular synovial membrane?

A
  1. synovial villie
  2. articular cartilage
  3. synovial menisci and intra-articular discs
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91
Q

What is the generic function of modifications of articular synovial membrane?

A

aid in spreading synovial fluid

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92
Q

What is the apparent function of synovial villi?

A

increase the surface of synovial membrane available for secretion- absorption Phenomena

93
Q

Articular fat pads are most numerous in what location along the vertebral column?

A

lumbar zygaphophyses

94
Q

What is the unique name of the inner or lumenal layer of the synovial membrane?

A

synovial lamina intima

95
Q

What are the specific functions of the type A synovial cells?

A

are phagocytic

96
Q

What is the specific function of type B synovial cells?

A

secrete proteinaceous substances and hyaluronic acid

97
Q

What are examples of glycosaminoglycans important in articular cartilage?

A

hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfates and keratin sulfate

98
Q

What is the primary function of bound glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage?

A

form a network for water retention

99
Q

What is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties?

A

cartilage can deform and returns to original volume RAPIDLY (FAST), a time INDEPENDENT property

100
Q

What is implied when cartilage is said to have viscoelastic properties?

A

cartilage can deform but returns to original volume SLOWLY, time DEPENDENT property

101
Q

Which theory of joint lubrication implies a loss of fluid from the cartilage into the joint space during compression results in increased viscosity of the synovial fluid?

A

weeping theory

102
Q

Which teary of joint lubrication implies water loss from the synovial fluid increases viscosity of the remaining synovial fluid?

A

booster theory

103
Q

Which theory of joint lubrication implies an ADSORPTION of lubricant onto cartilage surfaces is responsible for the low-friction observed during movement?

A

boundary theory

104
Q

What are the properties of synovial fluid?

A

it is yellow-white, viscous, slightly alkaline and taste salty

105
Q

Which substance is synovial fluid was first though to be responsible for its viscosity and lubrication behavior?

A

hyaluronate

106
Q

What substance of synovial fluid has been proposed to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?

A

lubricin

107
Q

What is the function of synovial fluid?

A

provides a nutritive source for article cartilage and supply the lubricant for the cartilage surface

108
Q

What is a simple synovial joint (diarthrosis)?

A

only one pair of articulating surfaces are observed

109
Q

What is a compound synovial joint (diarthrosis)?

A

more than two articulating surfaces are present in the same synovial joint

110
Q

What is a complex synovial joint (diarthrosis)

A

within the simple joint or compound join

the articulating surfaces are separated by an articular disc (intra-articular disc ) or meniscus

111
Q

What morphological classification of synovial joints is classified as non axial?

A

plane (diarthrosis arthrodial)

112
Q

What morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as uniaxial?

A

hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) and pivot (diarthrosis trochoid)

113
Q

What morphological classifications of synodal joints would be classified as biaxial?

A

(diarthrosis) bicondylar
(diarthrosis) condylar
(diarthrosis)ellipsoidal
(diarthrosis sellar) saddle

114
Q

What morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as multi axial?

A

Ball and socket (diarthrosis enarthroisis)
(diarthrosis spheroidal)
(diarthrosis cotyloid)
are all classifications given to the same joint

115
Q

What are examples of synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodial) joints?

A

most zygapophyses of vertebral column intercarpal, carpometacarpal and intermetacarpal joints of the foot

116
Q

What are examples of synovial hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) joints?

A

humero ulnar joint of the elbow and interphalageal joints of the fingers and toes

117
Q

What are the examples of synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joints?

A

median alanto axial joint and proximal radio ulnar joint

118
Q

What are examples of diarthrosis condylar or diarthrosis trochoid joints?

A

temporomandibular joint and femur tibia joint of knee

119
Q

What are examples of diarthrosis ellipsoidal joints?

A

radiocarpal joint of the wrist,
metacarpo-phalangeal joints of the hand,
metatarsal-phalangeal joints of the foot,
atlanto occiopital joint of the vertebral column

120
Q

Which synovial joint classifications are now often interchanged in textbooks?

A

ellipsoidal and condylar synovial joints

121
Q

What are examples of synovial saddle (diarthrosis seller) joints?

A

carpmetacarpal joint of the thumb,
talocrural joint of the ankle ,
calcaneocuboid joint of the foot

122
Q

What are examples of diarthrosis enarthrosis joints?

A

femur-acetabulum of the innominate articulation at the hip and
humerus- glenoid cavity of the scapula articulation at the shoulder

123
Q

What is the number of vertebrae in a typical adult?

A

26 segments

124
Q

What is the number of vertebrae in the typical spine?

A

24 segmanets

125
Q

What constitutes the spine?

A

the 24 pre sacral segments, the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

126
Q

Which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae?

A

the manatee and two toed sloth

127
Q

Which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae?

A

ant bear, and three toed sloth

128
Q

What other term is often used to identify the vertebral segments of the chest?

A

the dorsal segments, the dorsals

129
Q

What does the term “lumbar” refer to?

A

the loin; the region between the rib and hip

130
Q

What does the term “sacrum” refer to?

A

the holy bone or holy region

131
Q

What does the term “coccyx” refer to?

A

a cuckoo birds bill or beak

132
Q

What is the length of a typical male spinal column?

A

about 70 centimeters or 28 inches

133
Q

What is the length of a typical female spinal column?

A

about 60 centimeters or 25 inches

134
Q

What is the length between a typical male and female spinal column?

A

about 3 inches

135
Q

What is the length of the male cervical region (both measurements)?

A

about 12 centimeters or 5 inches

136
Q

What is the length of the male thoracic region (both measurements)?

A

about 28 centimeters or 11 inches

137
Q

What is the length of the male lumbar region (both measurements)?

A

about 18 centimeters or 7 inches

138
Q

What are the three basic osseous parts of a vertebra?

A

the vertebral body, vertebral arch, and the apophyseal regions

139
Q

What is the general shape of the vertebral body at each region of the spine?

A

cervical- rectangular
thoracic-triangular
lumbar-reniform

140
Q

What is the name given to the compact bone at the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body?

A

superior epiphyseal rim, inferior epiphyseal rim

141
Q

What large opening is usually observed at the back of the vertebral body?

A

the basivertebral venous foramen

142
Q

What is the name given to the anterior part of the vertebral arch?

A

the pedicle

143
Q

What is the name given to the posterior part of the vertebral arch?

A

the lamina

144
Q

What is the name given to the intermediate part of the vertebral arch where the transverse process and articular processes attach?

A

Lamina- pedicle junction

145
Q

What is that name given to the feature located at the upper and lower surfaces of the pedicle?

A

superior vertebral notch or superior vertebral incisure;

Inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure

146
Q

What is the generic orientation of the pedicure at each region of the spine?

A

cervical-posterolateral
thoracic posterior, slight lateral
lumbar-posterior

147
Q

What ligament will attach to the lamina?

A

the ligamentum flavum

148
Q

What is the name given to abnormal bone at the attachment site of the ligamentum flavum?

A

para articular process

149
Q

What classification of bone will para-articular processes represent?

A

accessory bone

150
Q

What is the name given to the overlap of laminae seen on X-ray?

A

shingling

151
Q

What is the name given to the tubular growth regions of the vertebral arch?

A

the apophyseal regions

152
Q

What names may be given to each apophysis of the spine?

A

the transverse apophysis or transverse process;
articular apophysis or articular process;
spinous apophysis or spinous process

153
Q

What is the generic orientation of the transverse process or transverse apophysis at each region of the spine?

A

cervical- anterolateral
thoracic- posterolateral
lumbar- lateral

154
Q

All non-rib-bearing vertebra of the spine retain what equivalent feature?

A

the costal element

155
Q

What is the name given to the rounded elevation at the end of the transverse apophysis or TVP?

A

transverse tubercle

156
Q

What will cause the TVP/transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the cervical region?

A

cervical spinal nerves are pulled forward to form the cervical and brachial nerve plexuses thus remodeling the TVP to accommodate their new position

157
Q

What will cause the TVP/transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the thoracic region?

A

the growth of the lungs remodel the shape of the ribs which in turn push the TVP Backward

158
Q

What is the name given to the joint formed between articular facets of a vertebral couple?

A

the zygapophysis

159
Q

What is the name given to the bone surface at the FRONT zygapophysis?

A

superior articular facet

160
Q

What is the name given to the bone surface at the BACK of a zygapophysis?

A

Inferior articular facet

161
Q

What names are given to the part of the vertebra which supports the FRONT of the zygapophysis?

A

superior articular apophysis

superior articular process or PRE-zygapophysis

162
Q

What names are given to the part of the vertebra which supports the BACK of the zygapophysis?

A

Inferior articular apophysis
inferior articular process
POST–zygapophysis

163
Q

What will form the POSTERIOR boundary of a typical intervertevral foramen?

A

inferior articular process/post zygapophysis
superior articular process/prezygapophysis
capsular ligament
ligamentum flavum

164
Q

What will form the SUPERIOR boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?

A

the inferior vertebral notch or superior vertebral incisure

165
Q

What will form the ANTERIOR boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?

A

vertebral body of segment above
vertebral body of the segment below
intervertertebral disc
posterior longitudinal ligament

166
Q

What is the method of calculating the angle of spinous process/spinous apophysis?

A

calculate the angle formed between the undersurface of the spinous process/spinous apophysis and the horizontal plane

167
Q

What is the name given to the normal overlap of spinous processes or spinous apophses as seen on X-ray?

A

Imbrication

168
Q

What name is given to the opening located withing the vertebral body- vertebral arch enclosure?

A

vertebral foramen

169
Q

What is the name given to the union of all vertebral foramina into an apparent vertical cylinder?

A

vertebral canal or spinal canal

170
Q

What is the typical shape/outline of the vertebral foramen at each region of the spinal column/vertebral column?

A

cervialc-triangular
thoracic-oval
lumbar-triangular
sacrum-triangular

171
Q

What are the segmental arteries?

A

arteries whose branches supply the vertebra or segment

172
Q

What are the segmental arteries of the cervical spine?

A

vertebral artery
ascending cervical artery
deep cervical artery

173
Q

What are the segmental arteries of the thoracic spine?

A

deep cervical artery
superior intercostal A
posterior intercostal A
subcostal A

174
Q

What are the segmental arteries of the lumbar spine?

A

lumbar arteries
iliolumbar artery
lateral sacral A
median sacral A

175
Q

What are the segmental arteries of the fifth lumbar vertebra?

A

iliolumbral A
Lateral sacral A
Median sacral A

176
Q

Which branch of the dorsospinal Artery will penetrate the meninges to enter subarachnoid space?

A

spinal A

177
Q

What are the branches of the spinal artery?

A 
osseous a
anterior spinal canal a
posterior spinal canal a
anterior medullary feeder a
posterior medullary feeder a
anterior radicular a
posterior radicular a
178
Q

What arteries are observed in the epiduarl space near the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

anterior spinal canal artery and plexus

179
Q

What arteries are observed in the epiduarl space near the ligamentum flavum?

A

posterior spinal canal artery and plexus

180
Q

Which vessel will supply the ventral/anterior nerve rootlet and nerve root?

A

anterior radicular a

181
Q

Which vessel will supply the dorsal/posterior nerve rootlets, nerve root and nerve root ganglion?

A

posterior radicular a

182
Q

What is the name given to the artery which lies in front of the spinal cord along its length?

A

anterior spinal a

183
Q

the anterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?

A

vertebral a

184
Q

Is the anterior spinal artery a single, continuous artery along the spinal cord?

A

NO

185
Q

As the anterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord, which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel?

A

anterior medullary feeder arteries

186
Q

The posterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?

A

posterior inferior cerebellar a

187
Q

What is the position of the posterior spinal artery relative to the spinal cord?

A

it lies in the posterolateral sulcus along the spinal cord

188
Q

What forms the arterial vasa corona ABOVE C3?

A

right and left anterior spinal arteries
right and left posterior spnal a
4 communicating a

189
Q

What forms the arterial vasa corona C6?

A

median anterior spinal a
right and left pposterior spinal a
3 communication a

190
Q

What are the intramedullary branches of the arterial vasa corona?

A

Pial perforating a

central/ventral/sulcal perforating a

191
Q

What arterial casa corona branches supply gray matter and most of the spinal cord?

A

ventral/central/sulcal perforating a

192
Q

What is the primary artery supplementing the arterial vasa corona?

A

anterior medullary feeders and posterior medullary feeders

194
Q

What vessels drain the spinal cord?

A

pial veins

195
Q

What will pial veins drain into?

A

venous vasa corona

196
Q

What vessel will drain the dorsal/posterior nerve root ganglion?

A

posterior redicular veins

197
Q

What veins will lie in the subarachnoid space?

A 
pial v,
venous vasa corona
anterior longitudinal veins
posterior longitudinal veins
communicating v
anterior medullary v
posterior medullary v
anterior radicular v
posterior radicular v
198
Q

What veins are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

anterior internal vertebral venous plexus, basivertebral v

199
Q

What veins are observed in epidural space near the ligamentum flavum?

A

posterior internal vertebral venous plexus

200
Q

What venous vessels are identified in the intervertebral foramen?

A

intervertebral veins

201
Q

Idendtify the meninges of spinal cord (spinal medulla or medulla spinals) and the commonly accepted meaning of each.

A

Dura mater- tough mother
arachnoid mater- spider mother
pia mater-tender mother

202
Q

Name and locate each space formed between the osseous vertebral foramen and the spinal cord (spinal medulla or medulla spinalis)

A

epidural space- between the vertebral foramen and dura matter
subdural space-between the dura mater and arachnoid mater
subarachnoid space-between the arachnoid mater and pia matter

203
Q

What is the name given to the fluid withing the epidural space?

A

interstial fluid

204
Q

Which of the content of the epidural space will be found near the vertebral body?

A

anterior spinal canal artery and plexus
anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
basivertebral vein
recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral, sinus vertebral N
posterior longitudinal ligament
Hofmann/anterior dural/meningovertebral ligaments

205
Q

Which of the contents of teh epidural space are more likely located near or around the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

anterior spinal canal artery and plexus
anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
basivertebral vein
recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral, sinus vertebral N
Hofmann/anterior dural/meningovertebral ligaments

206
Q

Which of the contents of the epidural space will be found near the lamina?

A

posterior spinal canal artery and plexus
posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
ligamentum flavum

207
Q

What is the name given to the fluid present within the subdural space?

A

serous fluid

208
Q

What is the name given to the fluid with the subarachnoid space?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

209
Q

What is the name given to the lateral extension of pia mater along the spinal cord?

A

dentate (denticulate) ligament

210
Q

What is the unique feature of veins along the spinal canal?

A

they lack the bicuspid valve of typical veins

211
Q

Where is the greatest traverse diameter of the spinal cord?

A

C6

212
Q

In which plane will the diameter of the spinal decrease from C2-T1?

A

midsagittal or anterior -posterior plane

213
Q

What spinal nerves originate from the lumber enlargements?

A

L1-S3 spinal nerves

214
Q

What is a generic cord level of origin- vertebral level combination for the lumbar enlarement?

A

L1,L2 cord levels=T9 vertebra
L3,L4= T10
L5,S1= T11
S2,S3=T12

215
Q

What is the caudal end of the spinal cord called

A

canus medullaris

216
Q

What spinal nerves originate from the conus medullaris

A

typically S4 S5 and Co1

217
Q

In which vertebral foramen will the conus medullaris typically be observed?

A

L1

218
Q

What is the continuation of pia mater below the conus medullaris called?

A

filum terminal internum

219
Q

What is the name given to the nerve roots below L1?

A

Cauda equina

220
Q

What is the continuation of pia mater below the conus medullaris called?

A

filum terminale internum

221
Q

What is the location and name given to the area where all meninges first converge at the caudal part of the vertebral column?

A

typically S2, the dural cul de sac

222
Q

Neural tissue has been identified in what part of the filum terminale?

A

proximal part of the filum terminale internum

223
Q

What is the fate of neural tissue identified along the filum terminale internum?

A

it joins peripheral nerve roots of spinal nerves as high as L3 and as low as L4

224
Q

What does the neural tissue associated with the filum terminale externum appear to innervate?

A

lower limbs and external anal sphincter

225
Q

The last arterial vasa corona creates what feature on angiogram?

A

cruciate anastomosis

226
Q

What is the name given to the condensation of meninges below S2?

A

filum terminale externum

227
Q

What is the name given to the caudal attachment of the meninges?

A

coccygeal medullary vestige

228
Q

What is the name given to the condition in which the conus medullaris is located beow L1 and the filum germinal is thickend?

A

tethered cord syndrome

229
Q

What is the relationship between scoliosis and tethered cord syndrome?

A

it is suggested that the column will change normal curvatures to mitigate damage to the spinal cord

230
Q

What is the relationship between spanal nerve number, rib number and vertebral number in a thoracic intervertebral foramen?

A

the spinal nerve number relates to the upper segment number in the vertebral couple
rib relates to lower segment #

231
Q

What are examples of an osseous fissure?

A

Superior orbital fissure primarily of the sphenoid bone and inferior orbital fissure of the- Palatine, Zygomatic, Sphenoid, Maxillary bones

Spinal E1 (1 decks)

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