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EMOTION > Exam 1 <3 > Flashcards

Exam 1 <3 Flashcards

1
Q

Aristotle - Emotion

A

Moderation principle: emotional balance beneficial to reason

  • quality of logic is enhanced when you moderate your emotions
  • emotions depend on cognition and judgement - your thoughts of what is going on in your world
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2
Q

Descartes - Emotion

A

Taxonomy of passions
- wonder, desire, joy, love, hatred, and sadness

  • thought emotions arise in the soul and depend on your perception
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3
Q

Darwin - Emotion

A
  • thought emotions were adaptive, functional, and visible
  • has consistent expressions
  • evolved from our ancestors (evolutionary view)
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4
Q

James - Emotion

A

James-Lange theory: perception of bodily states IS the emotion - you realized your heart is pounding and you then feel fear

perception of stimulus -> arousal (heart pounding) -> emotion (fear)

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5
Q

Cannon - Emotion

A
  • he was the one who coined the terms fight or flight and homeostasis
  • Cannon-Bard theory: bodily changes are too slow to cause emotional response

perception of stimulus -> arousal and emotion simultaneously

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6
Q

Schachter-Singer - Emotion

A
  • did an experiment where they injected some participants with adrenaline, some were told it’s saline some were told it is a stimulant

perception of stimulus -> arousal and cognitive label “I’m afraid” -> emotion

  • label initiates emotion
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7
Q

Lazarus - Emotion

A
  • no emotion without cognition - appraise events in relation to our goals, eliciting bodily changes and emotions
  • perception of stimulus -> cognitive appraisal -> emotion and arousal

-

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8
Q

3 features of emotion

A

feeling

behavior

physiological change

  • all based off of cognitive appraisal
  • we determine after the stimulus whether or not this is a good thing or bad things which leads to different emotions
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9
Q

Ekman: six features of emotion

A
  1. Brief: 4-5 seconds
  2. Involuntary
  3. Cross species
  4. Coherent (components work together)
  5. Fast in onset
  6. Automatic appraisal
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10
Q

Classification of emotion: two main approaches

A
  1. Basic/discrete
    - discrete, specific categories
    - universal
    - biologically fixed
  2. Dimensional
  • no specific categories
  • pleasant v unpleasant and high arousal.v low arousal
  • combination of psychological dimensions
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11
Q

Core basic emotions

A

Anger
Disgust
Fear
Sadness
Surprise
Happiness

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12
Q

Dimensional view on
emotion

A

negative and positive valence (pleasant or unpleasant)

low arousal or high arousal

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13
Q

How can we measure emotion?

A

Subjective state: questionnaires, emotion rating dial, diaries, etc.

Behavioral state: face, voice, body and posture,

Physiological state: fMRI, PET, heart rates, respiration, blood pressure

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14
Q

Do different emotions have specific, distinct autonomic profiles?

A

NO - there is no single gold standard emotional response to measure

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15
Q

7 methods of eliciting emotion

A
  1. Pictures
  2. FIlm Clips
  3. Relived emotions
  4. Dyadic interviews - pairs
  5. Music and singing
  6. experimental manipulation
  7. directed facial action task
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16
Q

Evolutionary perspective

A
  • Darwin
  • emotions evolved via natural selection
  • emotions are biologically rooted
  • emotions serve specific functions - survival and reproduction
  • emotions are universal across cultures
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17
Q

EEA - Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness

A
  • environment where emotions originated
  • certain selection pressures of EEA drove which emotions are now universal and adaptive
18
Q

Key properties of EEA - EXAM QUESTION

A
  1. vulnerability of offspring
  2. monogamous bonds
  3. relatively flat social hierarchy

vulnerable of offspring: compassion and nurturing love important

monogamous bond: to help with vulnerable offspring

relatively flat social hierarchy: need for collective action - need communication, empathy, and care for others

19
Q

Selection pressures

A

environmental factors either increase or decrease likelihood of gene replication

  1. Natural selection pressures
    - factors that increase or decrease the likelihood of survival until reproduction age
  2. Sexual selection pressures
    - factors that increase or decrease the likelihood of attracting a partner and reproducing
20
Q

Emotions serve adaptive functions

A
  1. Fear
    - situation: bear walking towards you
    - appraisal: this is unsafe!
    - behavior: fight or flight
    - physiology: ANS activity (sympathetic system increased)
    - function: escape predator, safety, and defense
21
Q

What are the functions of emotions?

A
  • natural selection: helps with survival, helps you live long enough to reproduce
  • reproductive selection: helps you reproduce and attract the opposite sex
22
Q

two competing views on culture and emotion

A

evolutionary view: does not think culture shapes emotion - thinks emotions are universal

social constructionist view: emotions are dependent on culture

23
Q

Nico Frijdea - concerns and priority

A

an emotions is a pychological state that relates an event, to a concern

the emotion gives priority to one goal over others - it gives that goal or concern priority

24
Q

Darwin’s two questions

A
  1. how are emotions expressed in humans and other animals?
  2. where do our emotions come from?
25
Q

Figure 1.1

A

the taxonomy of expressions that Darwin described

expressions of emotions: blushing, body contact, clenching fists, crying, frowning, laughing, perspiriation, screaming, shrugging, trembling, sneering, hair standing on end

26
Q

Sigmund Freud

A
  • certain events can be so damaging that they leave emotional scars
  • first to argue that emotions are at the core of many mental illnesses
27
Q

Aristotle:

A

our emotional experiences are shaped by our judgements and evaluations

argued we needed katharsis (clarification) of our emotions

28
Q

affect definition

A

anything that has to do with emotion - such as moods, depositions, and preferences

29
Q

figure 1.1

A

shows a spectrum of emotional phenomena from seconds to lifetime

30
Q

termperment

A

a personality we are born with

31
Q

Darwin: elements of evolutionary approach

A
  1. superabundance: reproduce more than necessary
  2. variation: each offspring is somewhat different than others
  3. selection: characteristics allowing for better adaptation to the environment are more likely to be passed on to the offspring
32
Q

Adaptation

A

genetically based traits that allow the individual to respond effectively to specific selection pressures and to fare well in struggles to survive and reproduce

33
Q

emotions as adaptations

A

emotions can be thought of as adaptations that help humans meet the specific selection pressures of survival, reproduction, and daily living

34
Q

symbolic representationa and language

A

what sets up apart from other animals: language

deepest characteristic of language: ability to cooperateat

35
Q

attachment

A

suggests that human attachment processes function like imprinting

attachment: imprinting: it;s function is to protect and care for the vulnerable infant to thrive

36
Q

two other critical systems necessary for attachment process:

A

pair bonding and affectional bonds

37
Q

table 3.1

A

independent self: i am autonomous and separate, my behario derives internally, who I am is stable across contexts

interdependent self: i am connected to others, my behavior derives from society, who i am varies across context

38
Q

Amae

A

japanese emotion for attachment, interdepdence, comfort in the other persons complete acceptance

39
Q

Tsai

A

affect evaluation theory

  • emoptions that promote cultural values are valued more and therefore play a more prominent role in people’s social lives
40
Q

experience sampling

A

students beeped electronically and asked to report on their current emotions

EMOTION (2 decks)

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