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CVP > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

The major underlying cause is ischemia due to:

A

Atherosclerosis (plaquing), white thrombus, red thrombus, artery spasm

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1
Q

What is the #1 cause of death?

A

Cardiovascular disease

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2
Q

What does the term hemostasis mean?

A

Prevention of blood loss

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3
Q

How does the body prevent hemostasis?

A

Vascular spasm, formation of platelet plug, blood coagulation, fibrous tissue growth to seal.

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4
Q

Platelets function as whole cells but cannot do what?

A

Cannot divide

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5
Q

Platelets contain what?

A

Actin and myosin, enzymes and calcium, ADP and ATP, thromboxane A2, serotonin, growth factor.

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6
Q

Mechanism of platelet activation:

When platelets contact damaged area they what?

A

1) swell
2) irregular form with irradiating processes protruding from surface
3) contractile proteins contract causing granule release
4) secrete ADP, thromboxane A2 and serotonin

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7
Q

Thromboxane A2 is a what and does what?

A

1) Vasoconstrictor

2) potentiates the release of granule contents

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8
Q

Platelets are important in what?

A

Minute ruptures

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9
Q

Platelets have a half life of what and are eliminated by what?

A

1) Half life of 8-12 days

2) eliminated by macrophage action

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10
Q

Greater than 1/2 of all the macrophages are located in the what?

A

Spleen

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11
Q

What are the three roles of endothelium?

A

1) prevents platelet aggregation
2) produces PGI2 (prostacyclin)
3) produces factor VIII (clotting)

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12
Q

What is PGI2?

A

1) it is a vasodilator
2) it stimulates platelet adenyl Cyclades which suppresses release of granules
3) limits platelet extension

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13
Q

Platelet cell membrane contains what?

A

Glycoproteins that avoid the normal endothelium but adhere to damaged area

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14
Q

Aspirin and ibuprofen both do what?

A

Block both thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin production by blocking fatty acid cyclooxygenase which converts arachidonic acid to PGG2 and PGH2

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15
Q

Anticoagulants prevent what?

A

Prevents clots from forming

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16
Q

What does dicumarol do?

A

Inhibition of vitamin k dependent factors

Aka: Cumadin and warfarin

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17
Q

Dissolves clots that have already formed

  • plasmin from plasminogen
A

Lysis of clots

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18
Q

Tye up calcium ( citrate, oxylate)

A

Chelators

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19
Q

Inactive form of plasmin which circulates in the blood called?

A

Plasminogen

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20
Q

Endogenous activators are found in:

A

Tissues, plasma and urine

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21
Q

Exogenous activators

A
  • streptokinase
  • tPA (tissue plasminogen activator)
    - -3hour window for MI and stroke
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22
Q

Clots may be liquefied by (fibrinolysis) by a proteolytic enzyme called?

A

Plasmin

23
Q

Plasmin circulates in the blood in an inactive form known as?

A

Plasminogen

24
Q

Most of the frank tissue damage associated with infarction occurs upon

A

Reperfusion

25
Q

Reperfusion is associated with the formation of highly reactive oxygen species with unpaired electrons called

A

Free radicals

26
Q

When pressure on tissues relieved and again perfumed with blood, what are formed?

A

Free radicals are generated

27
Q

The ability to open up alternate routes of blood flow to compensate for a blocked vessel

A

Collateralization

28
Q

How does the body show collateralization?

A

1) angiogenesis
2) vasodilation
3) role of the SNS
- May impede via vasoconstriction
- may augment via release of NPY

29
Q

In blood coagulation (thrombosis) what is initiated by chemical factors released by damaged tissues?

A

Extrinsic mechanism

30
Q

In blood coagulation (thrombosis), what requires only components in blood and trauma to blood or exposure to collagen (or foreign surface)

A

Intrinsic mechanism

31
Q

Coumarin (warfarin or Cumadin) depresses liver formation of II, VII, IX, X by blocking action of what?

A

Vitamin k

32
Q

Sex linked on X chromosome and usually occurs in males

A

Hemophilia

33
Q

In hemophilia, 85% of cases are defect in factor what and 15% of cases are defect in what factor?

A

1) factor VIII

2) factor IX

34
Q

What is the autoimmune disease where the body makes antibodies against phospholipids in cell membranes.
- this can cause abnormal clots to form.

A

Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome

35
Q

Amino acid in the blood that may irritate blood vessels promoting atherosclerosis and can also cause cholesterol to change into oxidized LDL

A

Homocysteine

This can make blood more likely to clot

36
Q

High levels of homocysteine in blood can be reduced by increasing intake of

A

Folic acid B6 and B12

37
Q

What does the term syncytium mean?

A

Many acting as one

38
Q

The duration of action potential in cardiac muscle is

A

.2-.3 seconds

39
Q

What are the fast channels in cardiac muscle?

A

Na+ channels

40
Q

What are the slow channels in cardiac muscle?

A

Ca++ and Na+ channels

41
Q

What other kind of channels are in the heart?

A

K+

42
Q

Sharp increase at onset of depolarization

A

Na+

43
Q

Increased during the plateau

A

Ca++

44
Q

Increased during the resting polarized state

A

K+

45
Q

Na, Ca, and k in the cardiac muscle for each:

___ at onset of depolarization, ____during repolarization

A

Na- increases, decreases
Ca- increases, decreases
K- decreases, increases

46
Q

What blocks fast Na channels selectively changing a fast response into a slow response.

A

Tetradotoxin

47
Q

During the resting membrane potential (Er) in cardiac muscle, fast Na and slow Ca/Na are _____ and k channels are _______

A

Closed, open

48
Q

The sodium, potassium pump is energy dependent and operates to pump Na and k in or out of the cell?

A

pumps Na out of the cell and K into the cell at a ratio of 3:2

49
Q

In the cardiac cell membrane is a protein that exchanges what from the interior in return for Na that is allowed to enter the cell.

A

Ca++ from the interior in return for Na+

50
Q

if the Na/k pump is inhibited, function of the exchange protein is reduced and more of what is allowed to accumulate in the cardiac cell.

A

Ca++ accumulates and this causes an increase contractile strength.

51
Q

what is the normal pacemaker of the heart?

A

SA node

52
Q

The SA node has a self inhibitory or self excitatory nature?

A

self excitatory

53
Q

This delays the wave of depolarization from entering the ventricle

A

AV node

54
Q

This has a slow conduction velocity due to smaller diameter fibers

A

AV node

55
Q

In absence of SA node, what may act as a pacemaker but at a slower rate

A

AV node

CVP (1 decks)

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