Exam #1 Flashcards
Define and distinguish this method from other ways of knowing things
A question must be testable, and as a rule, that test must be repeatable
What are the basic steps in the scientific method?
1- observation 2- hypothesis 3- testing the hypothesis 4- results 5- conclusion/discussion
Model
A hypothetical description of a complex entity or process.
Ex: before an animal was sent into space, a model was constructed.
Systems
A real or imaginary boundary separates the system from the rest of the universe
- intellectual creations to manage information
Ex: cardiovascular system
What is a theory
A theory is the most confident explanation scientists have based on the evidence
“A well substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world”
What are 4 characteristics you can use to distinguish between living and non-living things?
- reproduction
- metabolize
- response to stimuli
- evolves
What is science?
The systematic study of the observable world and how it works
What are the emergent properties of life?
A characteristic of a system that does not appear in any of the systems components parts.
“Life emerges not from its parts, but the organizations of those parts”
How are emergent properties maintained?
Maintained by code(dna), energy and processes
What are the three domains of life?
1) bacteria (no nucleus)
2) archaea (no nucleus)
3) eukarya
Name the kingdoms within the Eukaryota.
1- Protists
2- kingdom plantae
3- kingdom fungi
4- kingdom animalia
What is an Autotroph?
An organism that makes its own food, ability to sustain itself without eating other organisms or their molecules.
(Independent bitches)
What is a Heterotroph?
An organism that cannot make its own organic food, must eat an organism to gain molecules
Prokaryote
Without a nucleus
Eukaryote
With a nucleus
Define evolution
Species living today are descendants of ancestral modification
Pathogen
An agent, such as a virus, bacteria, or fungus that causes diseases.
Vector
an organism, often an invertebrate arthropod, that transmits a pathogen from reservoir to host
Define zoonotic
A disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans.
What do you get when you cross donkey& horse?
An infertile fucking mule
Heredity
The transmission of traits from one generation to the next.
Atomic number
The same unique # of protons
Atomic mass
The total mass of an atom, approx equals the mass #
Ex: adding up the proton + neutron
Covalent bond
A strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons.
Ex: h2o
- strongest
Ionic bond
A chemical bond that results from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Define semipermeable membrane
Characterized by the fact that they allow substances to diffuse through them, while blocking others.
Define solution
A liquid that is homogenous mixture of two or more substances.
Define solutes
A substance that is dissolved in a solution
Define solvent
The dissolving agent of a solution
Ex: water
Define water potential
The potential for water to move across a membrane. This is an energy unit.
Define hypertonic
OVER.
Solution with a higher solute concentration.
Ex: lose water
Define isotonic
Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, has no effect on the passage of water into/out of the cell.
Ex: equal
Define hypotonic
UNDER.
Lowers overall concentration of solutes
Define osmosis
The movement of a solvent across a semi-permeable membrane, down a concentration gradient.
Define diffusion
The movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration toward an area of lower concentration.
What is a chemical reaction?
A process that involves rearrangement of the molecular or ionic structure of a substance, than to a change in physical form or nuclear reaction.
What is an isotope
One of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same # of proton, but a different # of neutrons.
Example of isotope
Carbon 12 and carbon 14 are both isotopes of carbon, one with 6 neutrons and one with 8 neutrons (both with 6 protons)
What is the equation for photosynthesis
CO2+H2o —-> CH2o+O2
Define pandemic
Disease; prevalent over a whole county or world
Define malaria
An intermittent and remittent fever caused by a protozoan parasite that invaded the red blood cells. Usually transmitted by mosquitoes in many tropical and subtropical regions
Define plasmodium
commonly known as the malaria parasite, is a large genus of parasitic Protozoa.
Define hydrophilic
Substances that cannnn go into solution with water
Define hydrophobic
Substances that CANNOT go into solution with water.
Ex: hydro- water, phobic-to fear
Define cohesion
Water molecules attracted to each other
Define adhesion
Water attracted to other charged or polar substances
What’s is a producer
Make their own food using energy and simple raw materials they get directly from their environments
What is a consumer
Organisms that gets energy/nutrients by feeding on tissues, wastes, or remains of other organisms
Define thermodynamics
The study of energy transformations that can occur in a collection of matter
What is the first law of thermodynamics
- law of energy conservation
- states the energy in the universe is constant
- energy can be transferred/ transformed but not created or destroyed
What is entropy
Measure of a disorder or randomness
(The greater the entropy, the. The more randomly arranged a collection of matter is
What is the second law of thermodynamics
Energy conservations increase the entropy (disorder) of the universe
Electrolyte
A substance which forms ions in an aqueous solutions
