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FBI Counterintelligence > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

President Theodore Roosevelt

A

One of the Roosevelt administration’s main goals was to break up the trusts, but DOJ did not have an investigative arm –> borrowed guys from the Secret Service to look into possible violations by these trusts –> Found out Congressmen were protecting the trusts

May 27, 1908: Congress forbids DOJ from using the Secret Service for investigations

July 26, 1908: Theodore Roosevelt in response creates new investigative agency within DOJ –> His attorney general Charles Bonaparte gives the title Bureau of Investigation in March 1908

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2
Q

Black Tom Island

A

act of sabotage by German agents to destroy American-made munitions that were to be supplied to the Allies in World War I

  • Chain event as series of fires, bombs, and artillery explosions
  • Although German government not directly involved, did fund operation
  • Largest subatomic explosions in US history
  • Was never resolved because every department kept their information closed –> example to show the need for a coherent investigative arm

July 30, 1916, warehouses in Jersey City, New Jersey

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3
Q

Espionage Act of 1917

A

Meant to prosecute individuals who were passing national defense information voluntarily to a foreign power or an agent of a foreign power to harm the US OR aid the foreign power

  • to prohibit interference with military operations or recruitment (created one month after US joins WWI)
  • to prevent insubordination in the military, and to prevent the support of U.S. enemies during wartime

most controversial sections of the Act, including the original section 3, under which Rutherford was convicted, were repealed in 1921

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4
Q

Zimmerman Telegram

A

1917 diplomatic proposal from the German Empire for Mexico to join an alliance with Germany in the event of the United States entering World War I against Germany –> in return, Germany will help Mexico reclaim all the lands lost during the Spanish-American War

The proposal was intercepted and decoded by British intelligence
- Told US that Brits had an informant in Mexico’s presidency and was able to copy the messages

Wilson moved to arm American merchant ships to defend themselves against German submarines, which had started to attack them

The news helped generate support for the United States declaration of war on Germany in April of that year

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5
Q

J. Edgar Hoover

A

Hoover placed in charge of GID (had skills working in Library of Congress)

  • Creates more than 150,000 cards that included person, orgs, societies, publications, associations, social conditions in certain localities, etc. –> collect evidence on anarchists, revolutionaries, and radicals that could be used in persecutions
  • GID disappeared after a year –> searing experience for Hoover

Becomes Assistant Director of the Bureau of Investigation around 1924 –> Stone appoints him Director

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6
Q

Harlan Fisk Stone

A

Stone travels around country to jails to explore why guys refused the draft –> find out most were pacifists and wrote a report to Congress
- Thrust him on the national stage

Congress asked him to head Palmer Raids investigation

President Coolidge selects him as Attorney-General to clean up the image of Republican Party

Stone appoints Hoover as Acting Director of BI with condition to shut down every intel investigation in the country that do not have a nexus to a criminal activity AND “professionalize” the BI
- Set back our CI capabilities

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7
Q

US Person

A

US Citizen
Permanent Resident Alien

  • Hard to have full investigation on US person
  • -> have to have report suggesting why you want to open an investigation on them
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8
Q

Comprehensive Communications Act of 1934

A

Attempt by Congress to bring “rationalization into the chaos”

  • Federal regulatory standards on new field of wire and wireless communications
  • Creates the Federal Communications Commission (FCC): monitor and regulate all aspects of commerce in communication by wire/radio
  • Outlaws the use of wiretapping as evidence in criminal procedure
  • Nardone vs. US example of the effects –> crook who got away three times because evidence was unknowing wiretapping

FDR was able to get around this by asking Hoover for intel info NOT for federal criminal prosecutions

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9
Q

Yardley Act

A

June 10, 1933 Act providing protection of government records

  • Prohibited anyone who had access to codes and ciphers through their employment with the US government from publishing such codes or any information “obtained while in the process of transmission between any foreign government and its diplomatic mission in US”
  • Faced $10,000 fine/10 year sentence/both
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10
Q

Alexander Mitchell Palmer

A

Attorney General for Wilson 1919-21

1919 anarchist exploded a bomb on his porch
- In August, he organized the General Intelligence Unit within the Department of Justice and recruited Hoover

Instituted the Palmer Raids

  • Massive surveillance with no rules, guidelines, or checks and balances from government
  • Attempt to arrest and deport radical leftists, especially anarchists, from US
  • no clear evidence to justify arresting people, so judges released them and brought PR nightmare to CI
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11
Q

William Stephenson

A

Senior representative of British intelligence for the entire western hemisphere during World War II
- Seen as a gateway to British assistance and help, but the relationship between he and Hoover deteriorated

Many people consider him to be one of the real-life inspirations for James Bond

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12
Q

William Sebold

A

German spy in the United States during World War II, who became a double agent for the FBI

  • FBI agents set up a shortwave radio station/ established contact with the Abwehr’s radio station, posing as part of Sebold’s spy ring
  • For 16 months radio station was a main channel of communication between German spies in New York City and the Abwehr

FBI arrested 33 German agents detected as a result of his activities –> largest espionage case in U.S. history that ended in convictions

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13
Q

William Donovan

A

WWI Medal of Honor

Donovan overreaches and sues a Senator from Montana for practicing law while sitting as a senator, the senator is found not guilty and Donavon is now in the crosshairs of Hoover

Herbert Hoover wins the presidency and the attn. general becomes a Supreme court justice, Donovan gets turned down for attn. general, he opens up a big law firm on wall street just before the stock market collapse and becomes a multi-millionaire with the proceeds of the law firm

FDR sent Donovan to London for independent assessment of British staying power

  • His report helped reassure the president of Britain’s survival capabilities
  • AND immediate need for accelerated security and intelligence exchanges between the two governments

FDR requested Donovan draft a plan for an intelligence service based on the MI6 and Special Operations Executive

  • Submitted “Memorandum of Establishment of Service of Strategic Information”
  • Appointed as the “Co-ordinator of Information” on July 11, 1941 heading the new organization known as the office of the Coordinator of Information (COI) –> OSS

Became director for Office of Strategic Services (predecessor to CIA)

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14
Q

Interdepartmental Intelligence Conference

A

First counterintelligence policy board in US history –> Now called the intelligence community

  • June 1939 order by FDR
  • FBI, MID, and ONI leadership met weekly to discuss formalized agenda prepared beforehand
  • Originally constituted of Miles, Anderson, and Hoover
  • Successor(?) to Committee on Espionage and Counterespionage and Committee on Investigations
  • Big blow to State Department
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15
Q

George Messersmith

A

United States ambassador to Austria, Cuba, Mexico and Argentina. Messersmith also served as head of the U.S. Consulate in Germany from 1930 to 1934, during the rise of the Nazi party

best known in his day for his controversial decision to issue a visa to Albert Einstein to travel to the United States

Became Assistant Secretary of State 1938-40
- Titanic battle with Hoover for control of Counterintelligence –> lost

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16
Q

Gunther Rumrich

A

becomes enamoured with the rise of Hitler, wants to help out his country and Nikoli who is currently retired passes it onto the Abwear, becomes an agent

Rumrich pulls the same stunt to get the passport applications and gives a bogus title as assistant secretary of state, the receptionist that answers the phone tries to find him in the directory and cant, she gets the police involved on the surveillance and they arrest him for getting blank passport applications… not illegal

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17
Q

General Intelligence Division (There are two– in DOJ and FBI)

A

DOJ ONE

  • Hoover created GID by reconstituting old files collected on Germans opposed to US entry into WWI and adding new records on radicals and potential anarchists collected by major police departments around US
  • More than 150,000 cards that included person, orgs, societies, publications, associations, social conditions in certain localities, etc. –> collect evidence on anarchists, revolutionaries, and radicals that could be used in persecutions
  • Stone ended GID in 1924 –> thrown out as “infringement on civil liberties”

OTHER ONE
Crown Affair in 1938 wake-up moment for Counterintelligence
- Hoover reinstituted GID after creation of Interdepartmental Intelligence Conference
- National supervision of espionage, sabotage, and internal security matters transferred from Division One to new GID
- Findings in Plant Survey Program sent to GID

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18
Q

Charles Bonaparte

A

Was Secretary of the Navy in 1905-06

Attorney General of Theodore Roosevelt 1906-1909

March 9, 1908 – Bonaparte gives title Bureau of Investigation and puts it under Hoover

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19
Q

Enigma

A

electro-mechanical rotor cipher machines used in the twentieth century for enciphering and deciphering secret messages

Enigma was invented by the German engineer Arthur Scherbius at the end of World War I

Early models were used commercially from the early 1920s, and adopted by military and government services of several countries—most notably by Nazi Germany before and during World War II

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20
Q

Ultra

A

designation adopted by British military intelligence in June 1941 for wartime signals intelligence obtained by breaking high-level encrypted enemy radio and teleprinter communications (Enigma) at the Government Code and Cypher School
- HQ at Bletchley Park

standard designation among the western Allies for all such intelligence

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21
Q

Bletchley Park

A

central site of the United Kingdom’s Government Code and Cypher School

during the Second World War regularly penetrated the secret communications of the Axis Powers – most importantly the German Enigma and Lorenz ciphers

22
Q

Percy Foxworth

A

chief of the FBI’s Special Intelligence Service (SIS) and as principal liaison with British Security Coordination (BSC)

Loved by the British that when he traveled through Latin America between September and December 1940, MI6 stations were ordered to fully cooperate with him along the way

23
Q

CI Objectives = Identify, Penetrate, Neutralize, Exploit

A

Arrest not an end in itself, and is arguable a failure –> Want a recruit instead

Penetrate = Surveillance… Habits, contacts, looking for something to break his “cover life”

24
Q

George Dasch

A

German agent who landed on American soil during World War II

helped to destroy Nazi Germany’s espionage program in the United States by defecting to the American cause, but was tried and convicted of treason and espionage.

25
Q

Magic

A

Allied code name attached to US decryption of the highest level of Japanese diplomatic codes
- Despite Stimson’s order, people had been trying to break codes for years

Decodes Lt. General Hiroshi Oshima’s messages

  • Military attache –> Jap ambassador to Germany throughout WWII
  • Had direct connection with Hitler/ wrote lengthy reports back to Tokyo, which would go to Arlington Hall
  • Walked along beaches in France and wrote about fortifications –> helps in planning for D-Day
26
Q

Stanley Tracy

A

Chaired Committee on Investigations

  • Oversaw investigations affecting the military services
  • Secretly established in Feb 1939 by MID, ONI, and FBI

Bachelors and law degree from GW

  • FBI Agent in 1933
  • Served in War Dept. and Treasury
  • Hoover reassigned him to personal office staff, where he still served when appointed to Chair
  • 1941 promoted to Assistant Director of Identification Directory and later Tech Lab
27
Q

Richard Glavin

A

Chaired Committee on Espionage and Counterespionage
- addressed questions of policy formulation

5 years Marine Corps

  • FBI in 1931
  • 1941 promoted to Assistant Director
28
Q

MI5

A

british security service, roughly equal to FBI

Operates in British isles and territories

29
Q

MI6

A

british secret intelligence service, roughly equal to CIA

Operates around the world

30
Q

Garbo

A

British codename for Juan Pujol Garcia

  • Loathed both Communist and Fascist regimes in Europe during the Spanish Civil War, decided to become a spy for Allies as a way to do something “for the good of humanity”
  • Pujol and his wife contacted the British and American intelligence agencies, but each rejected his offer
  • Created a false identity as a fanatically pro-Nazi Spanish government official and successfully became a German agent
  • Instructed to travel to Britain and recruit additional agents; instead he moved to Lisbon and created bogus reports from a variety of public sources, including a tourist guide to England, train timetables, cinema newsreels, and magazine advertisements –> soon established himself as a trustworthy agent
  • Began inventing fictional sub-agents who could be blamed for false information and mistakes

The Allies finally accepted Pujol when the Germans spent tons attempting to hunt down a fictional convoy –> Moved to Britain and Pujol was given the code name Garbo
- Pujol and his handler Tomás (Tommy) Harris spent the rest of the war expanding the fictional network –> Eventually Germans funding a network of 27 fictional agents

Key role in the success of Operation Fortitude, the deception operation intended to mislead the Germans about the timing/location of Normandy
- False information helped persuade German intelligence that the main attack would be in Calais, keeping two armoured divisions and 19 infantry divisions there for two months after the Normandy invasion

Decorations from both sides during World War II, gaining both an Iron Cross and a Member of the Order of the British Empire

31
Q

Bermuda Censorship

A

key role in the uncovering of the largest Nazi espionage operation in America
- US mail would travel to Princess Hotel in Bermuda to be censored

Authorities in both the US and the UK concluded a spy ring was operating out of NYC soon after Britain and Germany went to war in September, 1939

But the first break came when Bermuda’s censorship station — run by NY-based British Security Coordination, the organization responsible for all UK secret intelligence activities in the Western hemisphere — intercepted letters written to “Lothar Frederick” and signed by a “Joe K”

32
Q

Frank Murphy

A
  • Associate Justice of the Supreme Court 1940-1949
  • Attorney General 1939-1940
  • Last Governor-General of the Philippines and then the High Commissioner of the Philippines

Made a personal appeal to FDR stating structure in 1939 was “informal committee” made up of State, Justice, Treasury, War, and Navy that provided no real coordination for investigations– “neither effective nor desirable”

  • Simply inefficient “clearing house for data/info” with each agency conducting its own investigations –> left open possibility of dangerously slow response to emergencies
  • Urged FDR to abandon current structure and replace it with committee made up of FBI, MID, and ONI that would meet regularly to coordinate/investigate all espionage, counterespionage, and sabotage matters for the president –> ICC
33
Q

Henry Stimson

A

Herbert Hoover’s great selection was Henry Stimson and makes him secretary of state, Stimson was briefed on code breaking early on and was appalled and demands it stop right away “Gentleman do no read other gentleman’s mail”, Stimson cuts the state’s funding of this, Yardly is out of a job and is furious – he writes a tell all book called American Black Chamber, it creates an international firestorm, Stimson becomes secretary of war for the second term of administration

34
Q

Robert Jackson

A

Attorney General under FDR 1940-1941

March 18, 1940 issued instructions prohibiting FBI wiretapping under any circumstances –> compelled all other federal investigative agencies to conform to same order
- Believed wiretapping was the real danger

Created Neutrality Unit to review all FBI investigations of violations of neutrality, treason, sedition, espionage, and foreign enlistment laws

  • Only Neutrality Unit could authorize prosecutions by local US attorney
  • Wanted to let public know DOJ was upholding Nardone case and US wasn’t Gestapo
35
Q

Francis Biddle(?)

A

US Attorney General 1941-1945

36
Q

Nardone v. US

A

No wiretapping, No consensual monintoring, No electronic monitoring evidence permitted under any circumstances

They put wiretap in Nardone’s office and his home phone – got great incriminating information from wiretap, local US attorney wants to prosecute and the jury finds him guilty, Nardone appeals conviction and invoke Comprehensive Communications Act of 1934 – appeals court goes right to supreme court and says that he is correct and walks away

An informant gives wiretapping evidence –same things applies

Government recruits his secretary and gets her to consensual monitor (ask her to give you a call) – SCOTUS still says not guilty

37
Q

President Franklin D. Roosevelt

A

In light of Lindbergh case, FDR passes law to federalize local crime –> kidnapping becomes federal offense

May 1934 Oval Office Meeting

  • FDR tells Hoover to begin investigations on Nazis
  • Strictly confidential, Congress didn’t know

Aug. 1936 FDR/Hoover Oval Office Meeting

  • FDR requests to know more about communists in US, wants a broad picture (size, funding, etc.) –> look into unions
  • Wants Hoover to coordinate with MID and ONI
  • No publicity, no Congress

Siding with Frank Murphy, in June 26, 1939 makes confidential directive to cabinet:

  • Investigation of all espionage/sabotage matters be handled only by FBI, ONI, MID
  • Creation of the Interdepartmental Intelligence Conference

Made Executive Order 8247, declaring national emergency
- Ordered FBI to take charge on investigative work in matters relating to espionage, sabotage, and violations of neutrality networks

May 21, 1940 instructed Robert Jackson to direct Hoover to start tapping telephone communications of people suspected of subversive activities

38
Q

Double-Cross System

A

World War II anti-espionage and deception operation of the British military intelligence arm, MI5. Nazi agents in Britain – real and false – were captured, turned themselves in or simply announced themselves and were then used by the British to broadcast mainly disinformation to their Nazi controllers. Its operations were overseen by the Twenty Committee under the chairmanship of John Cecil Masterman; the name of the committee comes from the number 20 in Roman numerals: “XX” (i.e. double crosses).

39
Q

Plant Protection Program

A

start a screening process for companies and their employees

Forerunning to the modern Industrial Security Program

40
Q

Office of Strategic Services

A

Intelligence agency 1942-45

  • Wartime intelligence agency, and a predecessor of CIA
  • Formed to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines for the branches of US Armed Forces
  • Other functions included the use of propaganda, subversion, and post-war planning

Donavon – becomes coordinator of Information (COI), will become Major General in the war, becomes head of Office of Strategic Service

41
Q

Special Intelligence Service

A

covert counterintelligence branch of the United States FBI located in South America during World War II– created July 2, 1940
- Foxworth served as chief

It was established during the term of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to monitor Axis activities in Latin America
- Forerunner of foreign intelligence collection

42
Q

MID = Military Intelligence Division of the War Department

A

Rumrich/Voss/Glaser - Crown Affair -

Continuation of existing responsibilities

More money

Locate the two most important branches in the same building as soon as possible

military intelligence branch of the United States Army and United States Department of War from May 1917 (as the Military Intelligence Section, then Military Intelligence Branch in February 1918, then Military Intelligence Division in June 1918) to March 1942. It preceded the Military Information Division and the General Staff Second Division and was reorganised as the Military Intelligence Service.

43
Q

ONI = Office of Naval Intelligence of the Navy Department.

A

Intelligence arm of Navy, formed in 1882

  • Collected, collated, distributed info for use of war planners
  • Promotion of naval expansion by alerting lawmakers to advances being made by foreign navies
  • Wilson authorized ONI to pursue spies, saboteurs, and subversives using surveillance, informants, wiretapping, code breaking, etc. –> often intruded on civilians’ lives

Set out to prove signers of Washington Naval Treaty, esp. Japanese, were violating its provisions

44
Q

Frederich Duquesne

A

Fought against British forces in Boer War, been captured and imprisoned and escaped to America
- Made new fantastical life for himself and eluded arrest many times

Leader of Duquesne Spy Ring
- “Ducase” rapidly transformed manner in which nation’s first civilian CI service conducted espionage investigations with worldwide scope –> Criminal investigations blended with new tech and global scope

On 28 June 1941, following a two-year investigation, the FBI arrested Duquesne and 32 Nazi spies on charges of relaying secret information on U.S. weaponry and shipping movements to Germany

  • 2 January 1942 33 members of the Duquesne Spy Ring were sentenced to serve a total of more than 300 years in prison
  • Historian Peter Duffy 2014 “still to this day the largest espionage case in the history of the United States –> possibly death blow to Nazi espionage
45
Q

Herman Lang

A

Senior inspector for Norden corporation, manufacturer of top-secret Norden bombsight (most important military secret at the time)

  • Member of Duquesne Spy Ring
  • One of the four people Sebold (double-agent that brought down the ring) had been told to contact in US
46
Q

Woodrow Wilson(?)

A

28th US President 1913-1921

Wilson authorized ONI to pursue spies, saboteurs, and subversives using surveillance, informants, wiretapping, code breaking, etc

47
Q

MICE = Money, Ideology, Compromise, Ego

A

There are many suggested motives for spying that an individual may have. In general, espionage carries heavy penalties, with spies often being regarded as traitors, and so motivating factors must usually be quite large

48
Q

Bureau of Investigation

A

Created in 1908 by Roosevelt to continue breaking up trusts (during same time as MI6 was being created)
- Bonaparte gave them the name

In 1917 the Bureau only had 3 intel officers –> by November 1918, they had 282 officers
- Whenever you have such a buildup, there’s going to be massive problems

49
Q

German American Bund

A

American Nazi organization established in 1936 to succeed Friends of New Germany, the new name being chosen to emphasize the group’s American credentials after press criticism that the organization was unpatriotic.

The Bund was to consist only of American citizens of German descent.

Its main goal was to promote a favorable view of Nazi Germany.

50
Q

American Communist Party

A

Founded in 1919

  • Were under surveillance by FDR’s order to Hoover to wiretap and survey communists
  • Also looked at links to labor unions
51
Q

Ostrich

A

FBI learned of Ultra in November 1942 and was immediately interested because of its implications on investigative efforts during the war

  • Gave the intelligence able to obtain through Ultra by code name “Ostrich”
  • Intercepted messages—whether decrypted by British cipher experts, U.S. Army and Navy code breakers, or new cryptanalysis team in the FBI Lab- invaluable to protect from German espionage and sabotage
52
Q

American Black Chamber

A

1931 book by Herbert O. Yardley

The book describes the inner workings of the interwar American governmental cryptography organization called MI8
- Identified MI8 staff members, code breaking techniques, recounting theft of diplomatic mailbags, etc.

Created national firestorm and led to Yardley Act –> govt. closing loophole of keeping national secrets, BUT started debate on wire/wireless communication

FBI Counterintelligence (1 decks)

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