Exam 1 Flashcards

Question

What is fitness?

Answer 1

the relative contribution that an individual makes to the gene pool of future generations with higher fitnesses for individuals who survive and reproduce. number of offspring or genes contributed by an individual to future generations sustaining same over time

Answer 2

compare between individuals within a species due to the limit of resources used by a particular species

Answer 3

it increases the suitability or fitness of a species for its environment due to natural selection ex. process of adaptation leading to trait based on beak size to eat seeds

Answer 4

favorable trait that allows allowed more favorable survival due to natural election ex. opposable thumbs, beak sizes

Answer 5

leads to a better fit to the environment as it is evolution due to natural selection, not necessarily turning into a trait

Answer 6

1. gene flow brings in genes not adapted to surviving salty environments and it limits the ability to have perfect adaptation and don't have pressure of other environments such as ecotypes 2. mutation- have different ability than other individually usually lowers fitness limiting adaptation 3. trade-offs- attracting mate and trying to survive increasing the fitness in one acid decreasing the fitness in another one 4. design constraints- physics limit the possibilities ex. bird eat seeds and index easy to break down can't eat leaves, or cows need lots of stomach to break down 5. genetic drift- only limiting adaptation in small populations not larger population and is usually just neutral alleles. each one loses carrying something slightly unique in small populations lose a whole portion of some aspect of the species, not just because of higher fitness none of them saw just closest and nothing to do with its fitness, decreases variation can be random to most fit individual reducing the fitness of the population 6. changing environments- different environments each year, organism staying fit in one year not in next changing under population.

Answer 7

locally adapted and genetically distinctive population within a species

Answer 8

1. Random mating 2. no mutations 3. large population size 4. no immigration or emigration gene flow or genetic drift 5. all genotypes have equal fitness * 6. no natural/sexual selection

Answer 9

impedes the changes in populations acting against extremes with average higher fitness

Answer 10

favors an extreme phenotype over other phenotypes in a population, larger or smaller and have higher rates of survival while average and opposite doesn't

Answer 11

do not show normal distribution of characteristics, 2 or more extreme phenotypes not just one peak on average.

Answer 12

the proportion of total phenotypic variation in a trait, that is attributable to genetic variance increase with genetic variation and is decreased with increase environmental effects.

Answer 13

compete with others for mates of the same sex influenced by natural selection ex. groups of animals

Answer 14

opposite sex choose based on trait countered by natural selection and production until balanced influenced by natural selection ex. peacock

Answer 15

group living and cooperation exchanging resources between individuals or various forms of assistance with the degree of which mutual grooming, group protection of young, stratified societies

Answer 16

create caste systems so many genes shared between individuals in a cony all worker have basically identical genes helping one another by helping themselves 1) individuals of more than one generation living together 2) cooperative care of young 3) division of individual into sterile or non reproductive cycle clusters

Answer 17

cooperativitiy or can help in process of producing young, defending territory, preparation and maintaining nest or feeding young by helping to increase their own evolutionary or genetic, fitness by improving the rates of survival and reproduction of relative adding to inclusive fitness.

Answer 18

an individual who has inclusive or their overall fitness determined by their own survival and reproduction plus survival and reproduction of individuals they share genes with

Answer 19

gene can help spread itself by helping identical genes or one organism spread genes by helping individual relative with my genes as an argument for altruism they provide help to relatives that creates an evolutionary force favoring help selection will favor diverting resources to kin under conditions where it benefits the helper, increasing the survival and reproduction of kin exceeding depending upon genetic relatedness to the helper and the reproduction cost 2) helping also improves helpers own probability of successful reproduction, as they gain experience in raising increasing the chance of success of successful raising young and recruiting helpers and is limited to breeding with the helpers having a better chance of inheriting breeding territory from reproductive individuals they help.

Answer 20

the love of place or the tendency of organisms to remain in the same area throughout their lives with the same breeding place that is pretected and inherited

Answer 21

The total number of offspring produced over the course of a lifetime with females who are delayed till they are older having a total lower success

Answer 22

they provide comparisons of characteristics of different species or populations of organisms in a way that attempts to isolate a particular variable or characteristic of interest or sociality

Answer 23

they are a group of physically distinctive indiciuals that engage in specialized behavior within the colony having size differences and different functions for society if it is small they do major work, if they are large many protect

Answer 24

the number of chromosomes are different among individuals with males usually haploid and stem from unfertilized cells whereas females are from fertilized cells and are diploid and genetically similar and are more related to eachtoher than their own offspring 75%. queen stores many males sperm so related 81--85%

Answer 25

increasing complexity of captive environment and help captive animals retain behaviors for survival?

Answer 26

cloning, bits break off to become own organism, budding not influenced natural selection

Answer 27

female creates haploid offspring

Answer 28

eusocial animals some insects mating very unevenly performed one male to several females dictated by natural selection

Answer 29

population genetics genes are the primary level of selection, mutations move through the population on own that is better and stronger

Answer 30

Darwin's driving choice, organisms as level of selection whole organism 1 great great gene and bad genes will more likely die

Answer 31

level of selection is the whole population and there are only examples when groups of individuals live and die tied to each other problems include if one is diseased all becomes diseased as they are limited in are

Answer 32

separation of species happen when groups lose the ability to interbreed by reproductive isolating mechanisms that keep individuals from producing together viable and fertile offspring

Answer 33

behavioral, no longer part of population, change in time, don't fit together do longer encounter to breed, specific trait separation geographic isolating mechanism cuts off gene flowing in more likely to get speciation

Answer 34

a species= a group of actually or potentially interbreeding individuals reproducing to create viable and fertile offspring

Answer 35

12-20 days

Answer 36

days to centuries

Answer 37

3,100 years

Answer 38

littoral/intertidal zone with a shallow shoreline under the influence of temperature neritic zone- extends from the coastal margin of continental shelf that extend out up to 200m oceanic zones- beyond continental shelf variation of salinity from oceanic to the littoral zone

Answer 39

epipelagic- surface layer of the ocean that extends to 200m (1st ten meters 80% of sunlight upper epipelagic/photic top 10 m 1/2 of photosynthesis of planet, euphoric zone 10-100m, despotic not enough light for photosynthesis ) below 100m very little temperature variation annually at any latitude mesopelagic- extending between 200-1000m bathypelagic- extends 1000-4000m abyssalpelagic-4000-6000m hadal zone-deepest bottom of ocean 6000+

Answer 40

equator precipitation however solutes, Na+, Mg2+ and Cl- constant everywhere due to mixing and runoff due to rivers, baltic sea 7ppt maximum temperature is 27.5oC, -1.5oC minimum arctic

Answer 41

subtropic 20-30o N+S deserts, red sea (40ppt) with denser water so flow better because of evaporation from the surfaces of water 34-36mm ppt in open ocean

Answer 42

the deeper it is the more oxygen content minimum at 1000m

Answer 43

30 oN+S with the fringing reefs hugging the shore of coast located between the open sea and lagoon and not where there is runoff from rivers with temperatures not below 18-20oC, 23-25oC fringing reefs require sunlight for their algae, and low turbidity so sunlight penetrates, stable saline and oxygen, in neurotic attached to benthic surface within photic zone, few within littoral and epipelagic increase in nutrients from lakes in rivers create algal blooms which block out the sunlight,

Answer 44

temperate to subpolar populations contain epiphytic algae and sessile invertebrates lowest 10oC highest 20oC winder tolerable of less salt near rocky shores and estuaries. usually ranges in temp of area by 7-9oC survive higher turbidity in winter temps below 10oc usually 25-40m deep to 100m depending on photic zone there is more oxygen in water at colder temps, will be by rivers as more resistant to salinity range and the mixing of water is good

Answer 45

they dot tropical pacific and indian oceans and are coral islets built up from submerged oceanic islands ringing the lagoon with lots of O2.

Answer 46

15m below surface corals grow in the surge zone created by waves from the open sea

Answer 47

where coral formations alternate with sand bottomed congas

Answer 48

behind the reef crest contain numeras patches of small coral reefs and sea grass

Answer 49

it is the area covered by waves at high tide spring tide highest and air at low tide supra tidal fringe-splash zone heighest elevation and seldom covered by tides but is wetted by waves exposed to O2 at low tide and is mixed upperintertidal zone- upper covered only in highest tides lowest uncovered only during low tides middle intertidal- covered and uncovered averagely lower intertidal-least exposure o atmosphere most inundation subtidal- fish and kelp began only storms or tsunamis

Answer 50

where the river meets the sea

Answer 51

can occur at land and sea low lying coasts with sandy shores or mouths of rivers have herbaceous vegetation sandy shores temeprature to high latitudes channels that fill and empty with tides salt collection usually dominated by grasses, pickelweed and thrushes not diverse oxygen depleted due to decamp

Answer 52

same as salt marsh but occur at tropical and sub-tropical latitudes including terrestrial climate of tropical rain forest dry forest, savanna and desert and have mangrove trees with a lot of one not very diverse oxygen depleted due to decamp different tides touching areas

Answer 53

on the incoming tide the seawater from the ocean and river flows opposite direction and due to the ocean's water being colder and more salt filled it is denser with the ocean water flowing up the river but the river water flowing on top of ocean flowing downriver to the mouth mixing and becoming more salty closer to ocean and less salty farther away as mixing is less

Answer 54

collection of interbreeding individuals in a species or the individuals of the same species in one place due to the heritable variation in traits inheriting within the population

Answer 55

reaction to a response in one individual's lifetime.

Answer 56

enough time for interactions between individuals or species to population dynamics can be time w/in generation or several

Answer 57

greater than one generation-milennia the time for adaptation or separation to happen

Answer 58

other country or geographical location include vicariance and founder effects

Answer 59

same country and area. is a divergence and separation of speciation without a geographic isolating mechanism such as polyploidy which is an instant mistake organisms with different ploidy can't reproduce with each other higher ploidy has higher fitness and performance for plants representing the most advantageous trait but are genetically de pauper ate or low genetic variation

Answer 60

is allopatric speciation/ a process by which the geographical range of an individual taxon, or a whole biota, is split into discontinuous parts by the formation of a physical or biotic barrier to gene flow or dispersal

Answer 61

have little genetic material making them genetically poor and they are not able to respond to changes and not able to adequately recover due to low genetic variation having a higher likelihood of interbreeding

Answer 62

1. generation time if there are millions of generations in one week faster evolution with shorter life spans, determined also by earlier reproductive maturity 2. rate of changing in the environment as it produces a selective force (directional selection has consistent change towards one or if it is to fast and strong their is a possible extinction of the organisms and its death 3. strength of the selective force if it affects fitness minimilly it does not affect evolution more than the past ex. eye quality getting wider spread, relaxed and not selected for 4. amount of variation present in the population if there is a large population larger will more easily adapt to change climate change too fast for organisms and populations to adapt if some still and can't respond if they die or are not selected for.

Answer 63

The sun's most direct and powerful sunlight hits the equator and does not heat evenly over the earth, and as the sun heats the air making it rise and when it rises it becomes more dense as it cools and condenses the water molecules forming clouds that release their water as there is less pressure and the water condenses because of the molecules moving farther away from each other with less kinetic energy and held less tightly as it continues cooling raining over the equator this air continually rises and flows toward the equator by the continuously upward flowing air when the air reaches around the 30o latitude it begins to sink and the dry air with no moisture takes the moisture from the surrounding area and traveling back down toward the equator along the ground with above air traveling to the poles

Answer 64

the equator spins faster than the poles, as the girth of earth is a greater distance In NH it blows NE clockwise cold water on west coast, in the SH it blows SE cold water on west coasts. deflection of winds to the right and in the south to the left counterclockwise air moves from where it was faster to slower carrying momentum and spinning east temperate westerlies 30-60, polar/equatorial 90-60, 30-0 easterlies westerlie-come from the west to the east easterlie- come from the east to the west

Answer 65

the topmost layer consisting of freshly fallen organic materials, the deeper layers of this portion are fragmented and partially decomposed with these deeper layers missing in agricultural soils and deserts has detritus breaking down the nutrients

Answer 66

The layer that consists of a mixture of minerals, clay, silt, sand and organic mater, with increased levels of biological activating as earthworms mix this and above as well

Answer 67

from the A horizon contains clay, humus from water, color, banding and roots. depositional horizon

Answer 68

weathered parent material from frost, water, trees breaking down to sand silt and clay sized rock fragments

Answer 69

unweathered area, bedrock

Answer 70

25-27oC. 2000-2000mm rain within 10o north and south of the equator with heavy rains leaching the nutrients from the soils with rapid decomposition in warm moist forest keeping organic levels of matter low, with nutrient poor acidic soil that is thin and water leeches out nutrients allowing for erosion with more nutrients stored in the tissues of the organisms than the soil by miccorhizae 300 species, epiphytes trees, little variation in temperatures, moss growing toward and on trees 3D structure, tall trees

Answer 71

have seasons of dry and wet times when it is dry most of the trees are dormant 10-25oC, on fringing of rain forests, 6-7month seasons, old soils ancient continent and less acidic and richer less growing although it is feasible to erosion and leechingin the wet season, leaves correlated with precipitin and when it is dry drop all of the leaves with seasonal migration, better agriculture, lots of water that is not continually enough, temp fairly consistent with times of huge variation in water, little closer to equator than the savannah when the sun is at the tropics of cancer and capricorn being dry, and dry when cold in winter and wet in summer when peak rainfall and heat

Answer 72

where humans began. north and south of tropical dry forests within 10-20o of equator, have alternating dry and wet seasons, with seasonal droughts and fire keeping trees away by fire-resistant grasses. lightning and fire in wet season, usually drier than tropical rain forests, with soil layers with permeability to water, no trees where impeccable subsoil keeps surface soils waterlogged during wet seasons and scattered trees where soils drained, migrating animals, range of seasonality, always above freezing, more temperature variation and 2D, where trees are there is water in the area, migrating herds change distribution of nutrients eating and defecating changing for next year, when dries up grasses seed, low water permeability in noilds not held at lower levels, soil too dry for trees, with standing water rotting roots

Answer 73

wind and water affect drought and flash flood with both heat and but cold saltie soils 20% land surface covered by and increasing. 30oN+S where air descends, deep interior of continents or rain shadow of mountains or the west coast of continents as air circulating across of ocean deliver a lot of fog to coast but usually little rain. can have drought all year and can go between -20o-30oC. with water loss due to evaporation and transpiration by plants exceeding precipitation. low in organic matter with minerals. or hard to reach soils under shrubs have organic matter and fertility most places increase concentration of salt by evaporation. lithosoils- less A and B instead of C stones or mineral salts with caliche calcium carbonate soils and horizons, sparse plant cover, and protecting photosynthetic surfaces small leaves only in rainfall water pulls up nutrients and makes it hard to get through can be cold or hot desert, higher and drier mid continent even though a lot of rain, more radiation than water, in winter could be frozen little growth in plants water loss usually always exceed precip, plant cover ranges from sparse to absent, low abundance but biodiversity high stressing behavioral adaptation

Answer 74

greece, mediteranean sea, chile, s australis, s africa. 30-40o north of deserts and chaparral. California and Western Mexico, mediteranean europe, and north africa, south africa, S australia, Chile heat increases rain decreases cool and moist during fall, winter and spring, with hot dry summers, dense vegetation and rich in essential oils, low-moderate fertility, and fragile to soil erosion or severe fire. have adaptations to drought such as evergreens with mutuallistic microbes. decamp slowed during dry summer and increase rest of year rates similar to temeprates, fire-resistant plants and bark or rich in oil to burn and sprout rapidly and easily. plants grow in either cold in wet or hot and dry can be freezing, tees and shrubs typically evergreen and waxy with no loss of water and fire resistant due to fire regime

Answer 75

largest biome with widespread distribution , 300-1000mm precip wetter than deserts with droughts that will last years and maximum precipitation in the summer, winters cold and summers hot. Soils are deep can be basic or neutral but are fertile with a lot of organic matter, herbaceous fire-excluding vegetation 70 species of plant, root system of grasses creates sod resisting invasion by trees and plows. social groups of animals, ex. bread basket kansas. most time have enough water periodic droughts, , but when lighning and thunderstorms with fire dangerous but maintain open prairie switching it between grass and forest

Answer 76

mostly northern hemisphere sometimes variation in temp and water availability lots and lots of water in cooler, holding onto water and amount makes it temperate. largest species of trees and evergreens, subdued light of cool, moist realm with mushrooms and decaying leaves some 30-55o latitude, most 40-50o. with more winter precipitation than temperate grasslands, 4 month growing season, 3-4 month winters, temperatures less extreme 650-3000mm warmer than boreal with a different growing season, longer growing season fertile soil,, bacteria consume large quantities of wood stored on floor of old growth temperate forests, recycling nutrients, agriculture, production high fertile soil with slow decomposition can be coniferous- more severe winters or drier sumer most of precip fall winter and spring with summer drought, poorer acidic soils, slower and more conservative nutrient movement , don't lose leaves or deciduous- usually dominate temperate forests, mild winters, restricted to watery areas if in coniferous, most fertile sole neutral or slightly acidic and rich in both organic matter and inorganic nutrients, nutrient movement dynamic. diversity of trees lower than tropical but biomass can be greater and vertically stratified, lose leaves What are the vertical layers of the forest- herb layer-lowers shrubs shade-tolerant understory trees canopy trees 40-100m

Answer 77

50-65o, 11% of surface, wood and water, next to tundra in north and temperate forests and grasslands in south. very cold has colder winters, and hotter summers and a longer growing season than tundra, 3-4months of growing with a large change in temperature less variability of water, have more water most of the time, confierous solid made up of needles, less diversity high animal density long winters greater than 6 months and summers too short for temperate trees, variable or moderate climatee -70o-30 200-6000mmprecip decreased evaporation, infrequent drought when occurs forest fires are devastating, low fertility of soils with thin soil and permafrost and acidic, low temp and pH decreasing decomposition, decreasing soil building nutrients in plant litter on floor with shallow roots, evergreen conifers furry animals. no vines there are epiphytes lichens and mistletoe and wind pollinates trees

Answer 78

mosses, lichens and dwarf willows, north of arctic circle, cold and dry less severe winters, shorter summers 200-600mm precip, temps so low precipitin is greater than evaporation so soggy summers, slow soil building, low decomp, organic matter accumulates in peat and warms, permafrost thaw in summer underneath thick permafrost with soil fluctuations of thawing and freezing moving soils down the slopes and storing surface water, perennial herbaceous plants that have a large concentration of native species. permafrost brief periods of bloom and warmth moving toward 2D less trees more lichens, cool and dry with short summers, substantial number of native mammals..

Answer 79

have several biomes per mountain, built by volcanism movement of earth, increase elevations at polar and tropical decreased prep, soils change with elevation well drained thing and vulnerable to erosion, winds form lowland deposits soil and organic matter and mountains building, with each 1000m gain in altitude temperature decreases by 6oC

Answer 80

extended period of dry weather during which precipitation is reduced it damages crops, impairs normal functioning of ecosystems and water shortages

Answer 81

air masses heat and air mass create turbulence as they are hitting eachtoher

Answer 82

lots of temperature variation at the center of large land masses ex. russia very cold and hot

Answer 83

each 80km away from the equator temperature decreases by 6oC.

Answer 84

The air from waves hits the mountain and goes up cooling the air and releasing the rain and most of its moisture then when it reaches the top at its coldes it has lost all of its moisture and it sinks down the other side warming up and stealing the moisture and water from the earth sucking up the moisture.

Answer 85

In the Northern hemisphere- northern facing slopes are cooler, southern aspects- warmer year round all of the time Southern hemisphere opposite eastern aspects- cooler, moister, has morning gentler sunlight western- warmer drier, lose moisture from hot sun in the afternoon

Answer 86

distinctive biogeographical regions distinguised characteristic plant formation associated with particular climates and soils

Answer 87

fungi that assist plants in accessing nutrients, photosynthesizing plants gives glucose to micchorizzae and the micchorizzae give nitrogen and possum and are extensions from foots for trees and plants

Answer 88

71% of globe covered in H20, 97% of water in oceans, 2% of water in ice caps and glaciers, 1% in rivers streams, lakes. bottom is benthic vs. water column is pelagic

Answer 89

how much genetic flow or how many new genes are coming into the population affecting the gene frequency of a population, increasing gene flow and can increase speed of evolution, how fast species reproduction and life span are saved. changing environments and the level of abrupt change or slow change favoring one genetic drift over another

Answer 90

coasts, nutrients from terrestrial run off, coral reef and kelp photosynthesis 3D sitting organisms in photic zone, below there is less and so in middle of ocean less because they ar enot as close but there is life from photo and zoo-plankton and can't really see

Answer 91

it is a gradient layer of water through which temperature changes rapidly

Answer 92

Only limiting where chemosynthesis, 2000mL O2 in air, in water 9mL of O2 but most of the time not limiting concentrations decline to 1000m then increase

Answer 93

equatorial regions have a thermocline year round, temperate regions have a thermocline in the summer.. temperate pond/lake ice floats and its warmer right below the ice and cooled on the bottom with mixing in fall and spring

Answer 94

create own food/energy to eat and use inorganic sources of carbon and energy

Answer 95

uses CO2 and light as energy sources

Answer 96

use other inorganic molecules as energy sources

Answer 97

it propagates as a wave and a particle with a certain amount of energy and wavelengths that are usable in photosynthetic active range 400-700nm.

Answer 98

C3, C4, CAM

Answer 99

most common, make PGA to bigger sugar cells in mesophillic as Co2 flows into plant through open stomata that allows gas through depending upon amount of water in bundle and mesophyll cells, more water opens up and less water closes up

Answer 100

C4 photosynthesis in drier environments Co2 in water out, con2 combines with PEP to form organic acid with PEP carboxylase having high affinity for CO2 to open fewer stomata to take in enough CO2 with the acid going into bundle sheath cells and breaking down to pyruvate and creating sugar through same processes ex. grasses grasses higher affinity because it is separated and so less stomata open

Answer 101

open stomata take in CO2 at high when the temperatures lower and humidity higher, closed when hot everything in mesophyll conversion occurs during day with CO2 taking in all night converting to PEP

Answer 102

something that can be used and used up as a requirement for survival ex. light for plants, water for animals and plants

Answer 103

something that affects the growth and survival but cannot be used up ex. animals can't use up light or O2, water for fish, CO2 for plants

Answer 104

in a world of limited resources organisms allocate energy to the most important functions

Answer 105

E/t= energy intake per unit time Ni- number of prey encountered of species i=proportion of prey in the environment Ei= energy intake per individual of the species Cs=same search cost of animal doing searching Hi=handgling time for species i

Answer 106

models feeding behavior as an optimizing if organisms have limited access to energy, natural selection is likely to favor individuals within a population that are more effective at acquiring energy

Answer 107

1) forager searches randomly; knows all of the prey types that are available. perfect info and knows all of the relative values of each Ei, Ni, Hi 2) assume that the forager maximizes the rate of energy intake 3) balances gains E and Costs, h and C 4) searches randomly

Answer 108

1) diet should reflect prey abundance ease of handling and energy. with all other things being equal, foragers eat the most abundant prey. but all things are not equal, because prey have different Hi and Ei. So organisms prioritize high quality items if Ni and Hi are equal 2. as food becomes more abundant organisms become more selective, things they ate before may be rejected in abundant times 3. the proportion of which prey are consumed depends on the abundances of higher quality item 4. always foraging a little more than they show of low quality items, because it is easier to find low quality items in order to eat have to pass up low quality item don't pass them up when they are hunger

Answer 109

1) assume constant environment and organisms has perfect info and it does not change when it does and environment changes 2) don't search randomly instead targeted search 3) it assumes organism organize optimally when there are many different evolutionary things so multiple problems with trying to maximize more things to one, search cost no landscape of predator included

Answer 110

maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment despite a changing external environment most affected by water, temperature and gas exchange

Answer 111

the change in performance, optimum, avoidance, lethal, a change in the exposure to condition, fatter or mature putting on more weight is not a heritable trait and is a change in performance and a behavioral change/adjustment in response to an environment change done in one lifetime, improve performance in a range of conditions

Answer 112

Northern Hemisphere

Answer 113

adiabatic cooling without an exchange of heat or energy to the surrounding up mountain

Answer 114

highly reflecting leaves with higher albedos, or thorns and hairs that reflect light as sunlight is not limiting and get morning sun not as hot and lose less water then it adaptively wilts open growth more exposure to the wind but a lower SA for water to evaporate off ground plants for more wind through bottom , leaves parallel to sun, straight up so surface area touching minimized smaller leaves and lighter colors to reflect increasing convection while minimizing evaporation

Answer 115

turning to follow the sun,

Answer 116

heat lost to wind,

Answer 117

heat from ground

Answer 118

low growth for conduction from the ground lower albedo and darker absorbing more , minimizing convection and loss of heat orient leaves perpendicular to sun

Answer 119

they do not regulate their internal temperature let vary with atmospheric temperature most plants and aquatic vary with environment

Answer 120

use outside environment to regulate internal temperature, ex. basking, wilting of plants or following of sun not completely poikilotherms ex. invertebrates, some plants, reptiles, amphibians

Answer 121

use internal processes to regulate temperatures by doing what ectotherms do as well as metabolism to control when it is outside thermal neutral zone, heat sweating, panting, shade, basking, skins, ex. mammals, some invertebrates, few fish birds.

Answer 122

keep temp within a very narrow range, that humans are supposed to stay ex. all mammals and all birds

Answer 123

broad range of temps warm and cold that an organism can be without turning on their internal engine, by fur etc over a large range. ex. usually warm environments have very little range as they don't need adaptations

Answer 124

in cooler climate body size increases decreasing the surface area to volume ratio so that there is more volume inside in comparison to the area where they lost hat, fat increases and have a better fat storage capacity,

Answer 125

with bigger limbs and shorter appendages convection and circulation through fingers