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HESP 400 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of word order does the English language use?

A

SVO (subject verb object)

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2
Q

How many children have language disorders?

A

7%

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3
Q

What does QALMRI stand for?

A

Question, Alternative, Logic, Methods, Results, Inferences

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4
Q

I know a ____ set of words to build an ____ set of sentences

A

Finite, infinite

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5
Q

True or false: language is rule-governed

A

True

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6
Q

Definition of grammar

A

Mental rules that enable us to understand and produce sentences- it is SYSTEMATIC and RULE-GOVERNED

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7
Q

Discrete combinatory system of grammar

A

Meanings of words are combined to form meanings of sentences, words still retain independent meanings

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8
Q

True or false: language is arbitrary

A

True

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9
Q

Words are ____ memorized

A

Arbitrarily

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10
Q

Displacement Reference

A

We talk about things that are not immediately present

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11
Q

Honey bee dances communicate _______ (3 things)

A
  1. Odor of food
  2. Distance from hive
  3. Direction from hive
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12
Q

Honey bee dance patterns (3)

A
  1. Round dance- food really close to hive
  2. Sickle dance- food somewhat close to hive
  3. Tail-wagging- food far from hive
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13
Q

Honeybee dance similarities to human language

A
  • Mapping between form and meaning
  • Combine different forms
  • Refer to non-present referent
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14
Q

Honey bee differences to human language

A
  • Dance mappings are not necessarily arbitrary

- Dance combinations are probably finite

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15
Q

Vervet monkey call patterns (3)

A
  1. Cluster and stare- low-lying predators
  2. Drop from tree- airborne predators
  3. Run for tree- terrestrial predators
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16
Q

Vervet monkey habituation

A

They learn categories of meanings through repeated association, and dishabituate to different meaning

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17
Q

Nim the chimp

A

Learned 125 new signs and word combinations, short sentences and simple phrases, constant sentence complexity

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18
Q

Chimp language

A

Some evidence of productivity and displacement but limited vocal and grammar

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19
Q

Darwin, 1840- Language

A

Used diary study to evaluate history of language and evolution

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20
Q

Child Study Movement, 1880-1920

A

Goals were better parenting and education, researched children quantitatively in a natural setting

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21
Q

Freud’s view of language

A

Traditionally psychological research relied on introspection, self-reported data, analyzed by professionals

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22
Q

Problems of behaviorist view of language

A

Bias in data, bias in analysis

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23
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Frequency of behavior can be affected by responses, punishment causes it to decrease or reinforcement causes it to increase

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24
Q

Behaviorist view of language (Skinner)

A

Language is a behavior, children learn because of adult reinforcement. Stimulus –> response

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25
Q

Thorndike’s Law of Effect (Behaviorist)

A

Speech production as operant conditioning (reinforcing or punishing)

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26
Q

_____ is an association between a stimulus and a response

A

Meaning

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27
Q

Markov sentence model

A

Also known as finite state grammar or word chain device, built on associations between words

The–> boy–> ate–> carrots

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28
Q

Cognitive revolution (Chomsky)

A
  1. Stimulus does not determine response
  2. Internal grammar can’t be word chain (Ex. Colorless green ideas sleep furiously)
  3. Language permits creativity (YOLO)
29
Q

Children (are/aren’t) systematically reinforced for linguistic behavior

A

AREN’T (Ex. Walt Disney comes on a Tuesday. “No he doesn’t.” Parents correct meaning not grammar)

30
Q

True or false: Children listen to the correct form

A

FALSE

Ex. “I got to holded the bunny.” “You mean you held the bunny? No, I holder the bunny.”

31
Q

Universal grammar is: (3)

A
  1. Series specific (only humans have it)
  2. Innate (available from birth)
  3. Domain specific (only used for language learning)
32
Q

According to Chomsky, universal grammar is:

A

Innate BUT babies aren’t born speaking and Specific BUT relies on other general systems

33
Q

Skinner would be ___ and ____ while Chomsky would be ____ and _____ (framing questions)

A

Learned & domain general

Innate & domain specific

34
Q

Pre-linguistic communication (less than 1 year old)

A

Turn taking, joint attention, babbling, gestures

35
Q

Single-word speaker (12-24 months)

A
  • Word learning begins slow but quickly accelerates, tends to be concrete nouns, small objects, people & animals
  • Initial errors in mapping a word to its meaning (Ex. Daddy to all men)
36
Q

Telegraphic speech (18-30 months)

A
  • 2-3 word utterances in correct word order

- Grammatical morphemes are often omitted (Ex. Dance but not dancing)

37
Q

Grammatical development (2-4 years)

A
  • Appearance of grammatical morphemes (Ex. over regularizations like sayed, fighter, runned)
  • Complex sentences starting to appear (questions, negations, passives, etc.)
38
Q

Near Perfect Syntax by 4

A

“This troll has magic powers. Do you know anyone else who has magic powers?”

39
Q

Critical Period Hypothesis

A

Language acquisition is a biological process that is more sensitive to input during specific periods of development, and less sensitive to input during periods that come before or after

40
Q

Critical period ages for motor skills

A

6 months- bending, reaching
8 months- stands while holding
12 months- walks while holding hands
18 months- sits in chair
24 months- walks down stairs, runs but falls
30 months- jumps with 2 feet, stacks cubes

41
Q

Genie

A

Isolated for 20 months, no exposure to language, but she was able to learn words, communicate with gestures, BUT used wrong word order and inconsistent morphology

42
Q

Language learning is ___ before puberty but ___ after

A

Effortless, effortful

43
Q

Domain-general account:

A

Less is more, smaller memory spans facilitate language learning

44
Q

Pidgin

A

Simplified language created by adults with no common language, borrowed words from languages and simplified structure

45
Q

Creole

A

Pidgin acquired by child speakers, more complex grammar

46
Q

Bickerton’s hypothesis

A

What causes changes between pidgin and creole?

–Structure in Creole comes from LAD because children reorganize pidgin into natural language

47
Q

Chomsky on Creole being different from Pidgin

A

Children have LAD (Language Acquisition Device)

48
Q

Stimulus Response structure?

A

Pidgin (simplified structure)–> innate grammar–> Creole (complex structure)

49
Q

Limitations of Bickerton’s hypothesis

A

Did not observe process of acquisition, made assumptions of input to children

50
Q

Deictic Gestures

A

Points that indicate objects

51
Q

Characterizing Gestures

A

Iconic indicate actions or attributes

52
Q

ASL Intransitives

A

One verb, one argument

53
Q

ASL Transitives

A

One verb, two arguments

54
Q

ASL Who is creating the language?

A

Stimulus- Others’ signs (simple) —> Response- Home sign (complex)

55
Q

Persistence

A

Representing the existence and location of things that move out of view

56
Q

Identity

A

Determining whether a thing seen now is the same object as a thing seen before

57
Q

Piaget’s theory of object representation

A

Infants construct representations of external world and self

58
Q

Piaget’s stages of search for objects (cognition of object permanence)

A

Objects only exist when visible–> understanding of object motion and action

59
Q

Capacities to represent objects are/aren’t innate

A

ARE NOT

60
Q

Individuation

A

Is a given object the same or different as the object seen earlier?

61
Q

Displace Reference

A

Ability to talk about things not immediately present

62
Q

Identity

A

Naming object requires knowledge of whether object is same or different than other

63
Q

Causality

A

Verb learning requires mapping of language onto event representations

64
Q

Neonates prefer ____

A

Faces

65
Q

Butterworth gaze following

A

By 9 months, reliable gaze to objects in mutual visual field

By 18 months, gaze following objects outside infant’s visual field

66
Q

Infants’ knowledge of other people (3)

A
  1. Learned condition response (gaze predicts location)
  2. Innate inference of goal (gaze cues goals)
  3. Innate inference of mental state (gaze reflects knowledge)
67
Q

Social Referencing

A

Evaluate situation based on mother’s emotional expression

68
Q

Word Learning

A

Hear novel label when speaker is looking at novel object

HESP 400 (2 decks)

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