Exam 1

Question 0

What were the motives of the colonists?

Answer 0

European lands exhausted; continent over populated
Religious freedom
Abundant wilderness
Demand for goods
Ecological revolution

Question 1

Abenaki.

Answer 1

1300-present
Village life
Hunter/gatherer/agriculture
Canoe, snowshoes 
Maple syrup, tobacco

Question 2

US land ownership and John Locke

Answer 2

1632-1704
Theory of property
Land ownership is key to power and wealth
God gave nature to mankind to hold in common
Idle land is wasteful

Question 3

Signs of ecological revolution

Answer 3

Fundamental shift in ecosystems
Shift in extraction intensity
Europeans replace Native Americans
New plants and animals
Records for global population

Question 4

James Audubon

Answer 4

Painter of American bird diversity

Question 5

Census

Answer 5

1880: 50,000
1940: 123,000

Question 6

Paleoindians

Answer 6

10,000 years ago
Exploited glacial landscapes
Hunter/gatherers
Marine resources
Small population (25/sq mi)

Question 7

John Muir

Answer 7

Geologist, naturalist, iconic preservationist. Walked from Wisconsin to California

Question 8

Conservation

Answer 8

Gifford Pinchot, Theodore Roosevelt
Multiple use, utilitarian view
Policy of responsible, efficient, and planned use of resources
Anthrocentrism

Question 9

Preservation

Answer 9

John Muir, Henry David Thoreau
Wilderness protection, intrinsic rights of nature
Policies to slow extraction, forward anti materialism
Early ecocentrism

Question 10

Woodland Indians

Answer 10

4,000-1,000 years ago
Hardwood forest
Sedentary village
Hunter/gatherer/agriculture
Pottery, bow, arrow
Influenced by Midwest culture
Beans, corn, squash

Question 11

Archaic

Answer 11

10,000-4,000 years ago
Exploited rising forests 
Hunter/gatherers
Riverine resources
Moved seasonally within watersheds

Question 12

What are the grand challenges?

Answer 12

Urbanization
Climate change
Biodiversity loss

Question 13

George Perkins Marsh

Answer 13

Vermont and US statesman

Conservationship

Question 14

Frederick Turner

Answer 14

Historian

Quote about frontier/first period of American history closing

Question 15

Gifford Pinchot

Answer 15

Chief US forest services

“The forests are to be used by man. And every other consideration comes secondary.”

Question 16

System Components

Answer 16

Elements/parts
Interconnections
Function/purpose
Inputs and outputs
Feed backs

Question 17

Aldo Leopold

Answer 17

Wolf with green eyes
America’s first environmental ethicist
Forester pioneer ecologist
Social approval for rights actions and disapproval for wrong ones

Question 18

Rachel Carson

Answer 18

Silent Spring
Side effects to reliance on science and technology
Alarm over use of chemical pesticides
Warning against unrestricted consumption
Crazy critics

Question 19

Systems maxims

Answer 19

1. You can never do just 1 thing; interactions are everywhere
2. Everything goes somewhere; “no away”
3. No population can increase in size forever
4. Disturbance happens because the only constant is change
5. Space and time matter and occur at different scales

Question 20

System definition

Answer 20

Part of a universe isolated for observation and study

Set of parts that function together as a whole

Question 21

System buffers, delays, time loops

Answer 21

Climate inertia
Thermal inertia of oceans
Response by glaciers
Ecological inertia
Socio-economic inertia