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Infant Development > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

discuss recurring themes in the study of child development.

A

path of development (stages vs continuous), heredity and environment, active vs. passive development, normal and atypical development, culture vs. context

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2
Q

what is the transactional perspective? how is it related to the nature nurture debate?

A

this perspective looks at how interactions through an ecological perspective of the individual plays a role in his/her development. Family interaction.. how the family interacts with environment etc.

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3
Q

be able to describe the different type of gene-environment correlations (active, passive and evocative).

A

this is how both the genetic composition and environment plays a role in development.

active (selective) - genetic variant and environment that they would select. extroverted kids might pick extroversive-like environment.
passive - association b/w child’s genes and environment. Parents passing on antisocial genetic component to child.
evocative (reactive) - child’s genetic and other’s reaction to that behavior. Angry child –> causes argument, or argument –> angry child.

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4
Q

what are the difference between a developmental screen and a developmental assessment?

A

screen - looks out for delays, developmental status, quick and easy.

assessment - in dept analysis, finds if services are needed, determines risk, finds infants strength and weaknesses.

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5
Q

be able to give example of pschophysiological measures and visual behavior measures used in the study of infants.

A

APGAR after delivery, Age vs Stage - scores given for variety of things, environmental - home screenings,

sensory and auditory - prenatal risk factors, perinatal - babies born with difficulties, postnatal - supportive family, available resources.

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6
Q

describe the difference between standardized, criterion-referenced, and norm-referenced assessments.

A

standardize - uniform procedure used in administering test items and scores across all infants being evaluated.

criterion-referenced - measures performance on certain skill.

norm-referenced - compares with performance of a larger group of age equivalent infants.

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7
Q

be able to name describe the three period of prenatal development. when does each period begin, end? what key development and events occur during each period?

A

1st trimester (germinal stage; fertilization to 2 weeks) - after fertilization of the ovum blastocyst forms, differentiation occurs.

2nd trimester (embryonic stage; 2 - 8 weeks) - zygote –> embryo, major differentiations occur with the 3 layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) and cephalocaudal/proximodistal development.

3rd trimester (fetal stage; 8 weeks to birth; 32 weeks total) - major body parts establish, growth and maturity.

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8
Q

approximately what percentage of fertilized eggs (zygotes) do not make it to implantation?

A

55%

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9
Q

what percentage of pregnancies result in live births?

A

20%

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10
Q

name and describe the implantation sites.

A

This is where the blastocyte adheres to the wall of the uterus.

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11
Q

name and describe the 3 layers of the embryonic disk (germ-layers). what systems emerges from each layer?

A

ectoderm - brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, skin, nails, hair, teeth.

mesoderm - circulatory/excretory system

endoderm - respiratory/digestion

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12
Q

be able to describe the different developmental problems and conditions that can result from neural tube defects?

A

this defect involve abnormal development of the neural tube (brain/spinal cord). leads to open spine - spina bifida. This can lead to nerve damage with degrees of permanent paralysis. spine can be corrected through surgery to close spine opening.

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13
Q

describe assistive reproductive technologies (ART).

A

this is fertility treatment in which both egg and sperm are handled.

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14
Q

what are the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on the developing child?

A

pre-term/small birth weight, smaller head circumference, risk of dying from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). also related to lower arousal, poorer quality of movement and self-regulation, greater excitability, and abnormal reflexes at age of 1 month. Delays in mental skills by age 2 with behavior problems.

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15
Q

what substance consumed during pregnancy is the most harmful to the developing organism?

A

alcohol

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16
Q

what is FASD? describe the differences in FASDs, FAS, partial FAS, and FAE.

A

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. FAS is fetal alcohol syndrome. FAS just describes having the disorder, but FASD explains that it’s a range.

Partial FAS - symptoms can be displayed in different ways. the infant might not have the physical appearance of having it, but behavior could be explained by FAS, vice versa.

FAE (fetal alcohol effect) - physical or mental defects.

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17
Q

Has there been a specific amount of alcohol consumed during pregnancy that has been determined to be safe?

A

no

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18
Q

which environmental toxins are known to harm the developing organism?

A

teratogens

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19
Q

what are the governmental recommendations about fish consumption that were discussed in class? summarize what you learned about fish consumption during pregnancy.

A

reduction of mercery level because it can harm the development of the infants brain.

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20
Q

what factors protect against the harmful effects of prenatal exposure to toxic substances?

A

stress hormones like adrenaline/cortisol can buffer for the development fetus to a degree, but too much can also have harmful effects.

21
Q

name and describe each stage of labor. what major events take place during each stage? what triggers the first stage of labor? which stage of labor is usually the most painful?

A

3 stages of labor: labor (dilation and effacement of cervix), delivery of infant, and delivery of placenta.

22
Q

in which stage of child birth is the mother most at risk?

A

3rd stage

23
Q

name the different fetal positions that can occur just prior to birth? which position is considered “normal” and most common? which posits are likely to result in cesarean section or require other medical interventions?

A

vertex/cephalic - normal.

breech (feet/butt first) - abnormal

24
Q

describe the different ways to reduce pain during child birth.

A

analgesics vs anesthetics

pudendal - local injection of novocaine into vulval and perineal region (1 hour effect)

spinal - directly into spinal column, only when women are fully dilated.

epidural - regional injection, but drops blood pressure.

25
Q

describe the tests used for prenatal assessment and diagnosis (material blood screening, ultrasound, amniocentesis). what are each of these tests used for, and when in pregnancy can each be used? which are the least risky? which are the most risky?

A

Rh factor compatibility - second child at risk, father Rh pos, mother Rh neg, mom builds up antibodies to it after first child.

26
Q

what percentage of births in the US today takes place in a hospital?

A

99%

27
Q

what is considered the normal length of pregnancy (gestational period)? what range of gestation weeks at delivery corresponds to full term births?

A

37-42 weeks is full-term(normal)

28
Q

how is preterm birth defined? what is the difference between late preterm, very preterm, and extremely preterm births? be familiar with the survival rates and child outcomes associated with each

A

preterm - before 37 weeks.
late preterm 34-36 weeks
very preterm before 32 weeks
extremely preterm - before 28 weeks

29
Q

at what gestational week or weeks is the “age of viability” (survival), according to the lecture.

A

22

30
Q

text, what percentage of babies born at 22 weeks, 24, weeks, and 25 weeks, survive until discharge from the NICU?

A

1% of births at 22 weeks survive
56% of births at 24 weeks survive
70% of births at 25 weeks survive

31
Q

describe newborns sensory and perceptual capacities at delivery

A

poor vision, acute everything else

32
Q

describe newborns 6 stages of arousal. which one is the best suited for parent-infant interaction

A 
regular sleep - quiet 
irregular sleep - active
drowsy alert 
quiet alert 
active alert 
cry

quiet-alert

33
Q

what is a reflex? be able to name and describe different newborn reflexes. what are the functions of newborn reflexes? when do most newborn reflexes disappear?

A 
tonic neck - fencing 
grasp
step
crawl
moro - feeling of falling/trying to grab
rooting - for sucking

believe to be for survival/evolution purposes

go away by 6 months

34
Q

describe how premature and full-term differ in appearance and ability at time of delivery.

A

full term more fat looking, last trimester to fatten up, help warmth, survival.

35
Q

what are the short/long term risk and complications associated with premature births?

A

direct physical issues at birth for short term, learning/attention problems for longterm.

36
Q

describe the kinds of neonatal intensive care that high-risk premature babies need (in NICU).

A

improved delivery room care and resuscitation, assisted ventilation, monitoring of blood oxygen levels and heart rate, intravenous nutrition, and drugs and other treatment to improve the functioning of preterm infant immature lungs.

37
Q

Have the technological advances in neonatal intensive care contributed to higher survival rates for preterm infants? Have they lowered the rate of preterm births in the US?

A

yes

no

38
Q

Be able to distinguish between material prenatal depression, postpartum depression, postpartum blues, and postpartum psychosis.

A

prenatal depression - before birth

postpartum depression - after birth

postpartum blues - within 1 month after birth

postpartum psychosis - extreme thoughts (dangerous)

39
Q

how does maternal postpartum depression affect parent-infant interactions? child outcomes?

A

less likely to interact accordingly with child, maltreatment, neglect

negative outcomes on child

40
Q

describe risk and resilience (protective) factors for postpartum depression.

A

most having to do with having support from family and spouse.

41
Q

Define operational definition.

A

a clear, concrete verbal description that enables researchers to measure target behaviors and outcomes accurately.

42
Q

Define habituation vs dishabituation.

A

the process in which if ants gradually lose interest in a stimulus after repeated presentations. attention regained.

43
Q

Define lanugo vs vernix

A

lanugo - hair on body

vernix - cheesy substance

44
Q

Define ectopic vs cervical pregnancy

A

ectopic - pregnancy that occurs outside the uterus.

cervical preg - type of ectopic prey where implantation site is on cervix

45
Q

Define stillbirth vs. miscarriage.

A

miscarriage - prey that ends before 20 weeks.

stillbirth - dies after 20 weeks

46
Q

Define neonate

A

neonate - newborns and infants younger than 1 month of age

47
Q

Define Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment (NBAS)

A

structural examination that is used with infants from birth to 3 months to assess reflexes and social interactive behavior.

48
Q

Define Braxton Hicks contractions

A

contraction that occurs before labor.

Infant Development (3 decks)

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