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Exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What is the main method used to screen for viruses in donor blood?

A

Nucleic Acid Testing

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1
Q

What viruses are screened for in donor blood?

A 
West Nile Virus
HIV
HCV
HTLV-1
HBV
Syphilis 
Trypanosoma cruzi
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2
Q

What are the three areas that are crucial for normal RBC function and 120 day survival?

A
  1. Normal composition and structure of membrane
  2. Hgb structure and function
  3. RBC metabolism
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3
Q

What type of metabolism does the RBC membrane perform?

A

Anaerobic

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4
Q

Normal hemoglobin consists of what chains?

A

Two alpha and two beta

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5
Q

What is the primary function of hemoglobin?

A

Primary function is oxygen delivery to tissues and carbon dioxide excretion

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6
Q

What is the most important control of hemoglobin affinity?

A

2,3-DPG

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7
Q

When 2,3-DPG is bound what form is the hemoglobin in and what happens to oxygen affinity?

A

Tense; decreases oxygen affinity

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8
Q

When 2,3-DPG is not bound, what state is hemoglobin in and what happens to oxygen affinity?

A

Relax; Increases oxygen affinity

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9
Q

What causes a right shift in the hemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

Increased 2,3-DPG
Increased temperature
Acidosis (decreased pH)

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10
Q

What causes a left shift in the hemoglobin dissociation curve?

A 
Alkalosis
Methemoglobin and carboxyhemoglobin
Increased hemoglobin F
2,3-DPG depleted stored blood
Decreased temperature
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11
Q

Lesion of storage

A

Decrease in pH, buildup of lactic acid, decrease in glucose consumption, decrease in ATP, loss of RBC function, decrease in 2,3-DPG

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12
Q

What temperature should RBCs be stored at?

A

1-6 C

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13
Q

ACD; CPD, CP2D preservation days

A

21 days

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14
Q

CPDA-1 preservation days

A

35 days

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15
Q

Additive solutions (Adsol, Nutricel, Optisol) preservation days

A

42 days

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16
Q

Do additive solutions affect 2,3-DPG levels?

A

No

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17
Q

How do Polyvinyl chloride plastic bags help RBC storage?

A

Permeable to CO2 to maintain higher pH levels

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18
Q

What is the purpose of RBC freezing?

A

Used for autologous and rare blood types

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19
Q

What is added to RBCs when freezing?

A

Cryoprotective agent

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20
Q

What must be done to frozen RBCs before transfusing?

A

Deglycerolized

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21
Q

What antigens are present on platelets?

A

ABO antigens but not Rh

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22
Q

Platelet concentrate minimums

A

5.5*10^10
45-65 mL
pH 6.2

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23
Q

Platelet concentrate storage

A

5 days at 20-24 C

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24
Q

Plateletpheresis minimum

A

3.0*10^11

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25
Q

What are the advantages of plateletpheresis over platelet concentrate?

A

One donor

Decreases platelet refractoriness

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26
Q

What happens to the following measurements during storage of RBCs:

  1. pH
  2. 2,3-DPG
  3. ATP
  4. Plasma K+
A
  1. Decreases
  2. Decreases
  3. Decreases
  4. Increases
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27
Q

Affinity

A

Strength of a single antibody-antigen bond

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28
Q

Avidity

A

Binding strength of multivalent antigen with antisera

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29
Q

Valency

A

Number of antigen-binding sites on an antibody molecule

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30
Q

Prozone

A

Antibody excess

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31
Q

Postzone

A

Antigen excess (correct with increased serum)

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32
Q

Zeta potential

A

Difference in electrostatic potential of net negative charge surrounding RBCs and positive charge of surrounding cations, allowing agglutination

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33
Q

Which antibodies are enhanced by enzymes?

A

Rh, Jk, P1, Le, I

34
Q

Which antibodies are suppressed by enzymes?

A

Fy, M, N, S

35
Q

Gene

A

Section of DNA along a chromosome which codes for a product

36
Q

Locus

A

Specific location of a gene on a chromosome

37
Q

Southern blotting

38
Q

Northern blotting

39
Q

Western blotting

40
Q

In PCR, what are the primers mixed with?

A

Target sequence, Taq DNA polymerase, dNTPs, magnesium

41
Q

Nucleic acid testing enables us to….

A

Quantify DNA and is highly sensitive

42
Q

What is the most important test in blood bank for the detection of clinically significant antibodies?

A

Anti globulin test

43
Q

If the patient had a transfusion, what could be the two possible causes of a positive DAT?

A

Recipient alloantibody against donor antigen

Donor antibody reacts against recipient antigen

44
Q

Look up positive DATs

A

Drug induced
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
HDN

45
Q

Causes for a false positive AHG test

A 
Refrigeration
Autoagglutinable cells
Bacterial contamination 
Saline contamination
Overcentrifugation
Contaminating abs in AHG reagent
46
Q

Causes for false negatives

A 
Inadequate washing of cells
AHG reagent nonreactive 
AHG reagent not added
Inadequate incubation
Undercentrifuged
Poor reading
47
Q

ABO Type I Chain

A

1 –> 3 linkage ; carry free floating antigens

48
Q

ABO Type II chain

A

Beta 1–> 4 linkage; carry RBC bound antigens

49
Q

Greatest amount of H

A

O > A2 > B > A2B > A1 > A1B

50
Q

Which plant lectin agglutinates H antigen?

A

Ulex Europeaus

51
Q

What is the most common blood group? What is the least common?

52
Q

When secretors add the H antigen, what is added onto the type I chain?

A

Fucose to the terminal galactose

53
Q

What does the A gene code for?

A

N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sugar to the H substance

54
Q

A1 cells lectin

A

Dolichose biflorus

55
Q

A2 cell lectin

A

Ulex Europaeus

56
Q

B gene codes for…

A

D-galactose sugar to the H substance

57
Q

A1 has higher or lower concentrations of the enzyme

58
Q

Acquired B phenomenon

A

A1 patients react with anti-B

59
Q

What syndrome is characterized by intestinal obstruction, cancer increasing permeability of wall allowing passage of bacteria?

A

Acquired B phenomenon

60
Q

Isoagglutinins

A

Weak or absent in hypogammaglobulinemia

61
Q

What causes ABO discrepancies?

A 
Inadequate identification
Cell suspension too light or heavy
Clerical
Mix up in samples
Missed hemolysis
Failure to add reagents
Contamination
Warming during centrifugation
62
Q

Group I Discrepancies

A

Unexpected reactions in the reverse groupings because of weakly reacting or missing antibodies due to depressed antibody production

63
Q

Group 1 Discrepancies solution

A

Incubate reverse type 15-30 minutes

64
Q

Group II Discrepancies

A

Associated with unexpected reactions in the forward groupings due to weakly reacting or missing antigens (acquired B phenomenon)

65
Q

Group III Discrepancies

A

Between forward and reverse groupings caused by protein or plasma abnormalities that result in Rouleaux formation

66
Q

Group IV Discrepancies

A

Cold reactive antibodies; circulating RBCs of more than one ABO group, Unexpected non-ABO alloantibodies; Unexpected ABO isoagglutinins

69
Q

1 or ‘

70
Q

2 or ‘’

71
Q

0 or blank

72
Q

DCE

73
Q

DCe

74
Q

DcE

75
Q

Dce

76
Q

dce

77
Q

dCe

78
Q

dcE

79
Q

dCE

80
Q

What is the most common Rh frequency in whites?

A

DCe/dce (R1r)

81
Q

What is the most common Rh frequency in blacks?

A

Dce/dce (R0r)

82
Q

Frequency of R1, R2, R0, r in whites?

A

R1 > r > R2 > R0

83
Q

Frequency of R1, R2, R0, r in blacks?

A

R0 > r > R1 > R2

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