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Human Sexuality > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

evolution

A

The change in the genetic makeup of living populations over time

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2
Q

heritable

A

Passed down from parent to offspring

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3
Q

natural selection

A

The survival and reproduction of those individuals that are best adapted to their environment

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4
Q

genes

A

A stretch of DNA that is transcribed as a functional unit; a unit of inheritance

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5
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

The linear molecule that forms the chemical basis of genes in all species except some viruses

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6
Q

chromosomes

A

A rod-shaped nuclear organelle composed of DNA and associated proteins

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7
Q

genome

A

An organisms entire complement of DNA, including all its genes. IN some viruses, such as HIV, the genome is composed of RNA

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8
Q

conjugation

A

Contact between two bacteria accompanied by the transfer of a short stretch of DNA from one to the other

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9
Q

eukaryotes

A

Organism whose cells contain nuclei

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10
Q

mitosis

A

Cell division in which the chromosome number is preserved

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11
Q

asexual reproduction

A

Reproduction in which all the offspring’s genes are inherited from a single parent

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12
Q

sexual reproduction

A

Reproduction in which the offspring inherit genes from two parents

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13
Q

gamete

A

A germ cell (ovum or sperm) that fuses with another to form a new organism

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14
Q

haploid

A

Possessing half the usual complement of chromosomes

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15
Q

diploid

A

Possessing the full complement of chromosomes

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16
Q

meiosis

A

A pair of cell divisions that produces haploid gametes

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17
Q

gonad

A

An organ that produces gametes (a testis in males, an ovary in females)

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18
Q

adaptive

A

Helping the propagation of an organism’s genes

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19
Q

pathenogenesis

A

Asexual reproduction from an unfertilized ovum; “virgin birth”

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20
Q

mutation

A

A change in an organism’s genome

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21
Q

Red Queen hypothesis

A

The idea that sexual reproduction is advantageous because it helps defend organisms against parasites

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22
Q

polymorphism

A

A common genetic variation between individuals in a species

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23
Q

investment

A

The commitment or expenditure of resources for a goal, such as reproductive success

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24
Q

ovum (pl. ova)

A

A mature female gamete, prior to or immediately after fertilization

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25
Q

sperm

A

A male gamete, produced in the testes

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26
Q

hermaphrodite

A

An organism that combines male and female reproductive functions

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27
Q

sex determination

A

The biological mechanism that determines whether an organism will develop as a male or a female

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28
Q

autosome

A

Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome

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29
Q

sex chromosome

A

Either of a pair of chromosomes (X or Y in mammals) that differ between the sexes

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30
Q

X chromosome

A

A sex chromosome that is present as 2 copies in females and 1 copy in males

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31
Q

Y chromosome

A

A sex chromosome that is only present in males

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32
Q

zygote

A

A cell formed by the fusion of gametes; a fertilized ovum

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33
Q

SRY (Sex-determining Region of the Y chromosome)

A

A gene located on the Y chromosome that causes the embryo to develop as a male

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34
Q

sexual selection

A

The evolution of traits under the pressure of competition for mates or of choice by mates

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35
Q

internal fertilization

A

Fertilization within the body

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36
Q

gestation

A

Bearing young in the uterus; pregnancy

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37
Q

lactation

A

The production of milk in the mammary glands

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38
Q

semen

A

The fluid, containing sperm and a variety of chemical compounds, that is discharged from the penis (ejaculated) at the male sexual climax

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39
Q

pheremone

A

A volatile compound that is released by one organism and that triggers a specific behavior in another member of the same species

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40
Q

fluctuating asymmetry

A

A difference between the left and right sides of the body that results from random perturbations of development

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41
Q

copulation

A

Sexual intercourse, or coitus

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42
Q

estrus

A

The restricted period within the ovarian cycle when females of some species are sexually receptive; “heat”

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43
Q

proceptive behavior

A

Behavior by females that may elicit sexual advances by males

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44
Q

monogamy

A
  1. Marriage limited to two persons. 2. A sexual relationship in which neither partner has sexual contact with a third party
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45
Q

pair bond

A

A durable sexual relationship between 2 individuals

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46
Q

polygamy

A

Marriage to, or (mostly in animals) mating with more than one partner

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47
Q

polygyny

A

Polygamy of one male with more than one female

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48
Q

polyandry

A

Polygamy of one female with more than one male

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49
Q

sexual monogamy

A

A sexually exclusive pair bond

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50
Q

social monogamy

A

A pair bond that is not sexually exclusive

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51
Q

promiscuity

A

Engaging in numerous casual or short-lived sexual relationships

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52
Q

paternity test

A

A test to identify an individual’s father by DNA analysis

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53
Q

mate guarding

A

A behavior in which a male animal prevents sexual contact between his mate and other males

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54
Q

kin selection

A

The theory that it can be advantageous, in evolutionary terms, to support the reproductive success of close relatives

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55
Q

inclusive fitness

A

The likelihood that an individuals’s genes will be represented in future generations, both in direct descendants and in the descendants of close relatives

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56
Q

vulva

A

The female external genitalia

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57
Q

clitoris

A

The erectile organ in females, whose external portion is located at the junction of the labia minora, just in front of the vestibule

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58
Q

scrotum

A

The sac behind the penis that contains the testicles

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59
Q

sexuality

A

The feelings behaviors, and identities associated with sex

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60
Q

sexiam

A

Prejudice or discrimination directed against one sex–usually women

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61
Q

anatomist

A

Researcher who studies the structure of the body

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62
Q

spermatozoon (pl. spermatozoa)

A

A male gamete, produced in the testis

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63
Q

ovum (pl. ova)

A

A mature female gamete, prior to or immediately after fertilization

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64
Q

homosexual

A

Sexually attracted to persons of one’s own sex

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65
Q

sex research

A

The scientific study of sex

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66
Q

sexology

A

The scientific study of sex, especially sexual dysfunctions

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67
Q

heterosexual

A

Sexually attracted to persons of the opposite sex

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68
Q

anthropology

A

The study of cultural or biological variations across the human race

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69
Q

perversion

A

An obsolete term for atypical sexual desire or behavior, viewed as a mental disorder

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70
Q

neuroses

A

Mental disorders such as depression that, in Freudian theory, are coping strategies against repressed sexual conflicts

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71
Q

matrilineal

A

Tracing descent through the female line

72
Q

feminism

A

The movement to secure equality for women; the study of social and psychological issues from women’s perspectives

73
Q

socialization

A

The effect of social influences such as family, education, peer groups, and the media on the development of psychological or behavioral traits

74
Q

gender

A

The collection of psychological traits that differ between males and females

75
Q

transgender

A

Having a gender identity that is discordant with on’s anatomical sex

76
Q

transexual (or transsexual)

A

A person who identifies with the other sex and who seeks to transition to the other sex by means of hormone treatment and sex reassignment surgery; can be M-to-F or F-to-M

77
Q

sex hormones

A

Chemical messengers that influence sexual and reproductive processes

78
Q

reproductive physiology

A

The study of fertility and pregnancy

79
Q

microbiology

A

The study of microscopic organisms, esp those that cause disease

80
Q

erectile dysfunction

A

A persistent inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient to accomplish a desired sexual behavior such as coitus to orgasm; earlier known as impotence

81
Q

neuroscience

A

The study of the nervous system

82
Q

sexual orientation

A

The direction of a person’s sexual feelings toward persons of the same sex, the other sex, or both sexes

83
Q

psychology

A

The study of mental processes and behavior

84
Q

social psychology

A

The study of our relationship to others

85
Q

control group

A

A group of subjects included in a study for comparison purposes

86
Q

cognitivepsychology

A

The study of the information-processing systems of the mind

87
Q

endocrinology

A

The study of glands and hormones

88
Q

genetics

A

The study of the mechanisms of inheritance

89
Q

psychobiology

A

The study of the biological base of mental processes and behavior

90
Q

evolutionary biology

A

The study of the influence of evolution on mental processes or behavior

91
Q

cultural psychology

A

The study of the interactions between culture and mental processes or behaviors

92
Q

psychological anthropology

A

The study of the interaction of cultural and mental processes

93
Q

partible paternity

A

The belief that two or more men may be fathers of the same child

94
Q

clinical psychology

A

The assessment or treatment of mental or behavioral problems, as practiced by a psychologist

95
Q

sex therapist

A

A person who treats sexual dysfunctions, usually by recommending behavioral changes and sexual exercises

96
Q

marriage and family counselor

A

Therapist who assesses or treats interpersonal problems arising between spouses or other intimate partners

97
Q

sociology

A

The scientific study of society

98
Q

National Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS)

A

A national survey of sexual behavior, relationships, and attitudes in the United States, conducted in the 1990s

99
Q

National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (NSSAL)

A

A British survey of sexual behavior, relationships, and attitudes conducted in the early 1990s

100
Q

National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior (NSSHB)

A

A national survey of sexual behavior in the US, based at Indiana University and published in 2010

101
Q

General Social Survey (GSS)

A

A long-running periodic survey of the US population run by the National Opinion Research Center

102
Q

script theory

A

The analysis of sexual and other behaviors as the enactment of socially instilled roles

103
Q

ethnography

A

The study of a cultural group, often by means of extended individual fieldwork

104
Q

celibate

A

Living under a vow not to marry or (by implication) to engage in sexual relations

105
Q

fertilization

A

The entry of a sperm into an ovum, thus transforming the ovum into a genetically unique diploid organism capable of development (conceptus)

106
Q

zygote

A

A cell formed by the fusion of gametes; a fertilized ovum

107
Q

capacitation

A

A chemical change in the surface of a sperm within the female reproductive tract that allows it to swim more forcefully and respond to the presence of the ovum

108
Q

bourgeonal

A

An aromatic aldehyde that attracts spermatozoa to the ocum

109
Q

acrosome reaction

A

The opening of a sperm’s acrosome, releasing enzymes necessary for penetration of the zona pellucida of the ovum

110
Q

zona pellucida

A

The capsule surrounding an ovum that must be penetrated by the fertilizing sperm

111
Q

second polar body

A

A small body containing the chromosomes discarded during the second meiotic division of an ovum

112
Q

pronucleus (pl. pronuclei)

A

A nucleus containing a haploid set of chromosomes derived from a sperm or ovum

113
Q

conception

A

Fertilization of the ovum

114
Q

conceptus

A

The developing organism from the 2-cell stage onward, including both embryonic and extraembryonic tissues

115
Q

morula

A

The conceptus when it consists of about 16 to 32 cells arranged in a compact spherical mass

116
Q

blastocyst

A

A conceptus shortly before implantation, when it takes the form of a sphere of cells with a central cavity

117
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

A

A gonadotropin secreted by the conceptus and by the placenta; it prevents regression of the corpus luteum

118
Q

pregnancy

A

The state of carrying a living, implanted conceptus, embryo, or fetus

119
Q

amnion

A

The membranous sac containing amniotic fluid and the fetus

120
Q

amniotic fluid

A

The fluid within which the fetus develops

121
Q

embryo

A

The portion of the conceptus that develops into the fetus. The term is used loosely to describe the entire conceptus from the 2-cell stage onward

122
Q

ectoderm

A

The upper, outermost layer of the embryonic cells, which give rise to the skin and most of the nervous system

123
Q

endoderm

A

The lower, innermost layer of embryonic cells, which give rise to the digestive system and lungs

124
Q

mesoderm

A

The middle layer of embryonic cells, which gives rise to bone, muscle, connective tissue, and the cardiovascular system

125
Q

placenta

A

A vascular organ, partly of fetal and partly of maternal origin, by which gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste products are exchanged between the fetus and its mother

126
Q

umbilical cord

A

The vascular cord that runs from the umbilicus (navel) of the fetus to the placenta

127
Q

embryonic stem cell

A

A cel found in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst, capable of developing into any type of cell

128
Q

fetus

A

The developing organism between the time when the main anatomical structures of the body have been established (in humans, approximately 6 weeks after conception) and birth

129
Q

SRY (Sex-determining Region of the Y-chromosome)

A

A gene located on the Y chromosome that causes the embryo to develop as male

130
Q

genital reidges

A

Two clusters of cells in the embryo that give rise to the gonads

131
Q

mesonephros

A

A transitory embryonic kidney that provides tissue to the gonads

132
Q

yolk sac

A

A transient, early extraembryonic structure, the source of primordial germ cells

133
Q

primordial germ cells

A

The cells that give rise to oocytes and to the progenitors of sperm

134
Q

Wolffian dcut

A

One of two bilateral ducts in the embryo that give rise to the male reproductive tract

135
Q

Müllerian duct

A

One of the two bilateral ducts in the embryo that give rise to the female reproductive tract

136
Q

anti-Müllerian hormone (AMN)

A

A peptide hormone secreted by Sertoli cells of the testis that prevents the development of the female internal reproductive tract

137
Q

pseudohermaphroditism

A

Outdated term for intersexed conditions involving structures other than the gonads

138
Q

androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

A

An intersexed condition caused by absent or nonfunctional androgen receptors

139
Q

cloaca

A

The common exit of the gastrointestical and urogenital systems; in humans it is present only in embryonic life

140
Q

urethral folds

A

Folds of ectodermal tissue in the embryo that give rise to the labia minora (in females) or the shaft of the penis (in males)

141
Q

genital swelling

A

Regions of the genitalia in the embryo that give rise to the labia majora (in females) or the scrotum (in males)

142
Q

genital tubercle

A

A midline swelling in front of the cloaca, which gives rise to the glans of the clitoris (in females) or penis (in males)

143
Q

anal fold

A

The posterior portion of the urethral fold, which gives rise to the anus

144
Q

raphe

A

The midline ridge of the perineum

145
Q

urogenital sinu

A

The common opening of the urinary and genital systems in the embryo

146
Q

congenital andrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

A

A congenital defect of hormonal metabolism in the adrenal gland, causing the gland to secrete excessive levels of anrogens

147
Q

recessive trait

A

An inherited trait that shows itself only when the responsible gene is present on both homologous chromosomes

148
Q

gubernaculum

A

Either of two bilateral fibrous bands that are involved in the descent of the gonads in the fetus

149
Q

hypospadias

A

An abnormal location of the urethral meatus on the underside of the glans, the shaft of the penis, or elseware

150
Q

micropenis

A

A penis shorter than about 2 cm (0.8 in) in stretched length at birth

151
Q

cryptorchidism

A

Failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum by 3 months of postnatal age

152
Q

medial preoptic area

A

A region of the hypothalamus involved in the regulation of sexual behaviors typically shown by males

153
Q

third interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus (INAH3)

A

A sexually dimorphic cell group in the medial preoptic area of the human hypothalamus

154
Q

sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA)

A

A group in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus of rodents that is larger in males than in females

155
Q

sensitive period

A

A period of development during which the survival or growth of a biological system depends on the presence of some factor, such as a hormone

156
Q

mounting

A

A male-typical sexual behavior: climbing onto the female to reach a position in which intromission is possible (Used mostly for nonhuman animals)

157
Q

lordosis

A

In female rodents, an inverse arching of the back that exposes the vulva for intromission by a male

158
Q

activational effect

A

The influence of a sex hormone on the function of brain circuitry in adulthood

159
Q

organizational effect

A

The influence of a sex hormone on the development of brain circuitry

160
Q

diethylstilbestrol (DES)

A

A synthetic estrogen receptor agonist that was once used to precent miscarriage but that caused cancer and fertility problems in some of the daughters born of these pregnancies

161
Q

puberty

A

The biological transition to sexual maturity

162
Q

breast bud

A

The first stage of breast development at puberty

163
Q

menarche

A

The onset of menstruation at puberty

164
Q

masturbation

A

Sexual self-stimulation. Sometimes also used to refer to manual stimulation of another person’s genitalia

165
Q

nocturnal emission

A

Ejaculation during sleep

166
Q

gynecomastia

A

Enlargement of one or both breasts in a male

167
Q

acne

A

A skin disorder caused by blockage and inflammation of sebaceous glands

168
Q

sebaceous glands

A

Oil-secreting glands associated with hair follicles

169
Q

primary amenorrhea

A

Failure to commence menstruation at puberty

170
Q

secondary amenorrhea

A

Absence of menstruation in a woman who has previously menstruated normally

171
Q

leptin

A

A hormone secreted by fat cells that may play a role in triggering puberty

172
Q

kisspeptin

A

A hormone in the hypothalamus that is involved in the initiation of puberty

173
Q

precocious puberty

A

Puberty that begins early enough to be considered a medical problem

174
Q

idiopathic

A

Lacking an identifiable cause

175
Q

delayed puberty

A

Falure off onset of puberty by some criterion age, usually 13 or 14 in girls and 14 in boys

Human Sexuality (1 decks)

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