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A&P > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Popliteal

A

Back of knee

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1
Q

Antecubital

A

Front of elbow

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2
Q

Sural

A

Calf

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3
Q

Crural

A

Leg

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4
Q

Cervical

A

Neck

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5
Q

Otic

A

Ear

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6
Q

Orbit

A

Eye socket

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7
Q

Mental

A

Chin

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8
Q

Axillary

A

Armpit

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9
Q

Cranial

A

Head

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10
Q

Nasal

A

Nose

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12
Q

Brachium

A

Arm

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13
Q

Antebrachium

A

Forearm

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14
Q

Pectoral

A

Breast

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15
Q

Umbilical

A

Abdomen

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16
Q

Lumbar

A

Back

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17
Q

Inguinal

A

Groin

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18
Q

Pubic

A

Gentials

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19
Q

Coronal/frontal plane

A

Vertical plane

Divides body in posterior and anterior sections

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20
Q

transverse/horizontal/cross-sectional plane

A

horizontal

divides body into superior and inferior sections

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21
Q

midsaggital

A

vertical section equally divides structures

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22
Q

saggital/longitudinal plane

A

vertical

divides into R and L portions

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23
Q

oblique plane

A

?

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24
Q

anterior/ventral

A

front/before/belly up

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25
Q

posterior/dorsal

A

back/behind

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26
Q

caudal

A

tail

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27
Q

cephalic

A

head

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28
Q

inferior

A

below

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29
Q

superior

A

above

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30
Q

smooth E.R.

A

•Network of tubules continuous with rough ER
•Its enzymes (integral proteins) function in
–Lipid metabolism; cholesterol and steroid-based hormone synthesis; making lipids of lipoproteins
–Absorption, synthesis, and transport of fats
–Detoxification of drugs, some pesticides, carcinogenic chemicals
–Converting glycogen to free glucose
–Storage and release of calcium

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31
Q

Rough E.R.

A
  • External surface studded with ribosomes
  • Manufactures all secreted proteins
  • Synthesizes membrane integral proteins and phospholipids
  • Assembled proteins move to ER interior, enclosed in vesicle, go to Golgi apparatus
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32
Q

femoral

A

thigh

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33
Q

patellar

A

front of knee

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34
Q

plantar

A

sole

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35
Q

calcaneal

A

heal

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36
Q

pollux

A

thumb

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37
Q

hallux

A

big toe

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38
Q

digit

A

fingers/toes

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39
Q

olecranal

A

back of elbow

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40
Q

distal

A

away from an attached base

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41
Q

proximal

A

toward an attached base

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42
Q

medial

A

towards the mid line

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43
Q

lateral

A

away from the mid line

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44
Q

gluteal

A

buttock

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45
Q

frontal

A

forehead

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46
Q

occipital

A

back of head

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47
Q

parietal layer

A

outermost layer

lines the wall of the body cavity

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48
Q

visceral layer

A

innermost layer

directly attached to the surface of the organ

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49
Q

regions

A

R hypochondraic/epigastric/L hypochondraic
R lumbar/ umbilical/L lumbar
R inguinal/ hypogastric/ L inguinal

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50
Q

parasaggital

A

vertical section produces nearly equal divisions

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51
Q

mitosis

A

cell reproduction
cell 23 pairs of chromosomes
splits into 2 identical daughter cells

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52
Q

interphase 1st phase

A

protein synthesis, growth, replication or organelles
replication of DNA
chromosomes is double stranded consists of 2 chromatids (1 original and 1 copy) held together by centromere
longest phase

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53
Q

prophase 2nd phase

A

nuclear envelope breaks down
chromosomes move into the middle
centrioles move to opposite sides

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54
Q

metaphase 3rd phase

A

chromosomes line up in the middle

spindle fibers extend to either pole and attach to the centromeres

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55
Q

anaphase 4th phase

A

separation of the chromosomes they are dragged to opposite poles

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56
Q

telophase 5 phase

A

cytokinesis partitions the cytoplasm
nuclear envelope beings to form in each cell
2 separate cells

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57
Q

golgi body

A

adjoins the ER

modifies/packages/ships/secretes by way of transport vesicles

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58
Q

Amino acids

A

building block of protein

organic compound contains C,H,O,N

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59
Q

articular cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage covering bone ends at movable joints

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60
Q

carpals

A

wrist bones

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61
Q

tarsals

A

ankle bones

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62
Q

actin

A

a contractile protein of muscle

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63
Q

apocrine sweat gland

A

confined to axillary and anogenital areas
• Sebum: sweat + fatty substances and proteins
• Ducts connect to hair follicles
• Functional from puberty onward

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64
Q

Epidermis

A

superficial skin region
• Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
• Cells of epidermis
• Keratinocytes—produce fibrous protein keratin
• Melanocytes
• 10–25% of cells in lower epidermis
• Produce pigment melanin
• Epidermal dendritic (Langerhans) cells—macrophages that help activate immune system
• Tactile (Merkel) cells—touch receptors

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65
Q

dermis

A 
middle skin region 
•	Strong, flexible connective tissue
•	Cells include fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasionally mast cells and white blood cells
•	Two layers: 
•	Papillary
•	Reticular
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66
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A

deep to skin (not technically part of skin)
Mostly adipose tissue
Hypodermis (superficial fascia)—deepest region

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67
Q

Layers of the Epidermis: Stratum Basale (Basal Layer)

A

Deepest epidermal layer firmly attached to the dermis
Single row of stem cells
Also called stratum germinativum: cells undergo rapid division
Journey from basal layer to surface
Takes 25–45 days

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68
Q

Layers of the Epidermis: Stratum Spinosum (Prickly Layer)

A

Cells contain a weblike system of intermediate prekeratin filaments attached to desmosomes
Abundant melanin granules and dendritic cells

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69
Q

Layers of the Epidermis: Stratum Granulosum (Granular Layer)

A

Thin; three to five cell layers in which the cells flatten

Keratohyaline and lamellated granules accumulate

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70
Q

Layers of the Epidermis: Stratum Lucidum (Clear Layer)

A
  • In thick skin
  • Thin, transparent band superficial to the stratum granulosum
  • A few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes
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71
Q

Layers of the Epidermis: Stratum Corneum (Horny Layer)

A
  • 20–30 rows of dead, flat, keratinized membranous sacs
  • Three-quarters of the epidermal thickness
  • Functions
  • Protects from abrasion and penetration
  • Waterproofs
  • Barrier against biological, chemical, and physical assaults
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72
Q

Layers of the Dermis: Papillary Layer

A
  • Papillary layer
  • Areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers and blood vessels
  • Dermal papillae contain:
  • Capillary loops
  • Meissner’s corpuscles
  • Free nerve endings
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73
Q

Layers of the Dermis: Reticular Layer

A
  • Reticular layer
  • ~80% of the thickness of dermis
  • Collagen fibers provide strength and resiliency
  • Elastic fibers provide stretch-recoil properties
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74
Q

hair root

A

Hair Follicle
• Hair follicle receptor (root hair plexus)
• Sensory nerve endings around each hair bulb
• Stimulated by bending a hair
• Arrector pili
• Smooth muscle attached to follicle
• Responsible for “goose bumps”

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75
Q

Hair Follicle

A

Hair Follicle
• Extends from the epidermal surface into dermis
• Two-layered wall: outer connective tissue root sheath, inner epithelial root sheath
• Hair bulb: expanded deep end

76
Q

types of hair

A
  • Vellus—pale, fine body hair of children and adult females

* Terminal—coarse, long hair of eyebrows, scalp, axillary, and pubic regions (and face and neck of males)

77
Q

types of hair growth

A
  • Growth phase (weeks to years) followed by regressive stage and resting phase (1–3 months)
  • Growth phase varies (6–10 years in scalp, 3–4 months in eyebrows)
78
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

in external ear canal; secrete cerumen

79
Q

Sebaceous (Oil) Glands

A
  • Widely distributed
  • Most develop from hair follicles
  • Become active at puberty
  • Sebum
  • Oily holocrine secretion
  • Bactericidal
  • Softens hair and skin
80
Q

Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands

A

abundant on palms, soles, and forehead
• Sweat: 99% water, NaCl, vitamin C, antibodies, dermcidin, metabolic wastes
• Ducts connect to pores
• Function in thermoregulation

81
Q

sudoriferous gland

A

sweat gland

2 types Eccrine and apocrine

82
Q

mammary gland

A

Specialized apocrine glands

83
Q

Keratinocytes

A

produce fibrous protein keratin

84
Q

Melanocytes

A
  • 10–25% of cells in lower epidermis

* Produce pigment melanin

85
Q

Epidermal dendritic (Langerhans) cells

A

macrophages that help activate immune system

86
Q

Carotene

A

pigment contribute to skin color

Yellow to orange, most obvious in the palms and soles

87
Q

functions of skin

A

• Physical/mechanical barriers
• Keratin and glycolipids block most water and water- soluble substances
• Limited penetration of skin by lipid-soluble substances, plant oleoresins (e.g., poison ivy), organic solvents, salts of heavy metals, some drugs
• Biological barriers
• Dendritic cells, macrophages, and DNA
Functions of the Integumentary System

  1. Body temperature regulation
    • ~500 ml/day of routine insensible perspiration (at normal body temperature)
    • At elevated temperature, dilation of dermal vessels and increased sweat gland activity (sensible perspirations) cool the body
  2. Cutaneous sensations
    • Temperature, touch, and pain
    Functions of the Integumentary System
  3. Metabolic functions
    • Synthesis of vitamin D precursor and collagenase
    • Chemical conversion of carcinogens and some hormones
  4. Blood reservoir—up to 5% of body’s blood volume
  5. Excretion—nitrogenous wastes and salt in sweat
88
Q

Epithelia: Simple Squamous

A
  • Two other locations
  • Endothelium
  • The lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and heart
  • Mesothelium
  • The epithelium of serous membranes in the ventral body cavity
89
Q

Epithelia: Stratified Cuboidal

A
  • Quite rare in body
  • Found in some sweat and mammary glands
  • Typically two cell layers thick
90
Q

Epithelia: Stratified Columnar

A
  • Limited distribution in body
  • Small amounts in pharynx, male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts
  • Also occurs at transition areas between two other types of epithelia
91
Q

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue

A
  1. Cells have polarity—apical (upper, free) and basal (lower, attached) surfaces
    • Apical surfaces may bear microvilli (e.g., brush border of intestinal lining) or cilia (e.g., lining of trachea)
    • Noncellular basal lamina of glycoprotein and collagen lies adjacent to basal surface
  2. Are composed of closely packed cells
    • Continuous sheets held together by tight junctions and desmosomes
  3. Supported by a connective tissue reticular lamina (under the basal lamina)
  4. Avascular but innervated
  5. High rate of regeneration
92
Q

Connective Tissue

A
  • Most abundant and widely distributed tissue type
  • Four classes
  • Connective tissue proper
  • Cartilage
  • Bone tissue
  • Blood
93
Q

Major Functions of Connective Tissue

A
  • Binding and support
  • Protection
  • Insulation
  • Transportation (blood)
94
Q

Cytoplasm

A

intracellular fluid containing organelles

Located between plasma membrane and nucleus

95
Q

Diffusion

A

passive transport
• Simple diffusion
• Carrier- and channel-mediated facilitated diffusion
• Osmosis

96
Q

Filtration

A

Usually across capillary walls

97
Q

Osmosis

A

passive process
Movement of solvent (e.g., water) across selectively permeable membrane
• Occurs when water concentration different on the two sides of a membrane

98
Q

– Isotonic

A

Solution with same non-penetrating solute concentration as cytosol

99
Q

– Hypertonic

A

Solution with higher non-penetrating solute concentration than cytosol

100
Q

– Hypotonic

A

Solution with lower non-penetrating solute concentration than cytosol

101
Q

Carrier-Mediated Facilitated Diffusion

A

Transmembrane integral proteins are carriers
Transport specific polar molecules (e.g., sugars and amino acids) too large for channels
• Binding of substrate causes shape change in carrier then passage across membrane
• Limited by number of carriers present

102
Q

Passive Processes: Facilitated Diffusion

A

• Certain lipophobic molecules (e.g., glucose, amino acids, and ions) transported passively by
– Binding to protein carriers
– Moving through water-filled channels

103
Q

Active Transport

A

• Requires carrier proteins (solute pumps)
– Bind specifically and reversibly with substance
• Moves solutes against concentration gradient
– Requires energy

104
Q

Sodium-Potassium Pump

A

• Na+ and K+ channels allow slow leakage down concentration gradients
• Na+-K+ pump works as antiporter
– Pumps against Na+ and K+ gradients to maintain high intracellular K+ concentration and high extracellular Na+ concentration
• Maintains electrochemical gradients essential for functions of muscle and nerve tissues
• Allows all cells to maintain fluid volume

105
Q

– Exocytosis

A

transport out of cell
• Usually activated by cell-surface signal or change in membrane voltage
• Substance enclosed in secretory vesicle
– Hormone secretion, neurotransmitter release, mucus secretion, ejection of wastes

106
Q

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

A

?

107
Q

Phagocytosis

A

cellular eating
Pseudopods engulf solids and bring them into cell’s interior
– Form vesicle called phagosome

108
Q

Pinocytosis

A

cellular drinking
Pinocytosis (fluid-phase endocytosis)
– Plasma membrane infolds, bringing extracellular fluid and dissolved solutes inside cell

109
Q

Endocytosis

A

• Involve formation of protein-coated vesicles
• Often receptor mediated, therefore very selective
• Some pathogens also hijack for transport into cell
• Once vesicle is inside cell it may
– Fuse with lysosome
– Undergo transcytosis

110
Q

Microfilaments

A

• Thinnest of cytoskeletal elements
• Dynamic strands of protein actin
• Each cell-unique arrangement of strands
• Dense web attached to cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane-terminal web
– Gives strength, compression resistance
• Involved in cell motility, change in shape, endocytosis and exocytosis

111
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A
  • Tough, insoluble, ropelike protein fibers
  • Composed of tetramer fibrils
  • Resist pulling forces on cell; attach to desmosomes
  • E.g., neurofilaments in nerve cells; keratin filaments in epithelial cells
112
Q

Microtubules

A
  • Largest of cytoskeletal elements; dynamic hollow tubes; most radiate from centrosome
  • Composed of protein subunits called tubulins
  • Determine overall shape of cell and distribution of organelles
  • Mitochondria, lysosomes, secretory vesicles attach to microtubules; moved throughout cell by motor proteins
113
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Granules containing protein and rRNA
  • Site of protein synthesis
  • Free ribosomes synthesize soluble proteins that function in cytosol or other organelles
  • Membrane-bound ribosomes (forming rough ER) synthesize proteins to be incorporated into membranes, lysosomes, or exported from cell
114
Q

Mitochondria

A

• Double-membrane structure with inner shelflike cristae
• Provide most of cell’s ATP via aerobic cellular respiration
– Requires oxygen
• Contain their own DNA, RNA, ribosomes
• Similar to bacteria; capable of cell division called fission

115
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • Membranous sacs containing powerful oxidases and catalases
  • Detoxify harmful or toxic substances
  • Catalysis and synthesis of fatty acids
  • Neutralize dangerous free radicals
116
Q

Endomembrane System

A

• Overall function
– Produce, degrade, store, and export biological molecules
– Degrade potentially harmful substances
• Includes ER, golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, lysosomes, nuclear and plasma membranes

117
Q

Cytoskeleton

A 
•	Elaborate series of rods throughout cytosol; proteins link rods to other cell structures
–	Three types
•	Microfilaments 
•	Intermediate filaments
•	Microtubules
118
Q

Centrosome and Centrioles

A

• “Cell center” near nucleus
• Generates microtubules; organizes mitotic spindle
• Contains paired centrioles
– Organelles; small tubes formed by microtubules
• Centrioles form basis of cilia and flagella

119
Q

Chromatin

A
  • Threadlike strands of DNA (30%), histone proteins (60%), and RNA (10%)
  • Arranged in fundamental units called nucleosomes
  • Histones pack long DNA molecules; involved in gene regulation
  • Condense into barlike bodies called chromosomes when cell starts to divide
120
Q

Cilia

A

Cilia movements alternate between power stroke and recovery stroke
– Contain microtubules and motor molecules
– Cilia move substances across cell surfaces

121
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes
  • Digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins
  • Degrade nonfunctional organelles
  • Metabolic functions, e.g., break down and release glycogen
  • Destroy cells in injured or nonuseful tissue (autolysis)
  • Break down bone to release Ca2+
122
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Largest organelle; genetic library with blueprints for nearly all cellular proteins
  • Responds to signals; dictates kinds and amounts of proteins synthesized
  • Most cells uninucleate; skeletal muscle cells, bone destruction cells, and some liver cells are multinucleate; red blood cells are anucleate
  • Three regions/structures
123
Q

Nucleoli

A

• Dark-staining spherical bodies within nucleus
• Involved in rRNA synthesis and ribosome subunit assembly
• Associated with nucleolar organizer regions
– Contains DNA coding for rRNA
• Usually one or two per cell

124
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A
  • Double-membrane barrier; encloses nucleoplasm
  • Outer layer continuous with rough ER and bears ribosomes
  • Inner lining (nuclear lamina) maintains shape of nucleus; scaffold to organize DNA
  • Pores allow substances to pass; nuclear pore complex line pores; regulates transport of large molecules into and out of nucleus
125
Q

nuclear pores

A

• Pores allow substances to pass; nuclear pore complex line pores; regulates transport of large molecules into and out of nucleus

126
Q

Flagella

A

–Whiplike, motile extensions on surfaces of certain cells
–Contain microtubules and motor molecules
–Longer flagella propel whole cells (tail of sperm)

127
Q

Osteoblasts

A

(bone-forming cells)

128
Q

Osteoclasts

A

(bone-destroying cells)

Cells that break down (resorb) bone matrix

129
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells

130
Q

Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals

A
  • At right angles to the central canal
  • Connects blood vessels and nerves of the periosteum and central canal
  • Lacunae—small cavities that contain osteocytes
  • Canaliculi—hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal
131
Q

Haversian system, or osteon—structural unit

A
  • Lamellae
  • Weight-bearing
  • Column-like matrix tubes
  • Central (Haversian) canal
  • Contains blood vessels and nerves
132
Q

rickets

A

Homeostatic Imbalances
Rickets (childhood disease) causes bowed legs and other bone deformities
• Cause: vitamin D deficiency or insufficient dietary calcium

133
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Homeostatic Imbalances

Calcium salts not deposited

134
Q

Osteoporosis

A
  • Loss of bone mass—bone resorption outpaces deposit
  • Spongy bone of spine and neck of femur become most susceptible to fracture
  • Risk factors
  • Lack of estrogen, calcium or vitamin D; petite body form; immobility; low levels of TSH; diabetes mellitus
135
Q

Osteoporosis: Treatment and Prevention

A
  • Calcium, vitamin D, and fluoride supplements
  •  Weight-bearing exercise throughout life
  • Hormone (estrogen) replacement therapy (HRT) slows bone loss
  • Some drugs (Fosamax, SERMs, statins) increase bone mineral density
136
Q

Paget’s Disease

A
  • Excessive and haphazard bone formation and breakdown, usually in spine, pelvis, femur, or skull
  • Pagetic bone has very high ratio of spongy to compact bone and reduced mineralization
  • Unknown cause (possibly viral)
  • Treatment includes calcitonin and biphosphonates
137
Q

Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture

A
  1. Hematoma forms
    • Torn blood vessels hemorrhage
    • Clot (hematoma) forms
    • Site becomes swollen, painful, and inflamed
    Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
  2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
    • Phagocytic cells clear debris
    • Osteoblasts begin forming spongy bone within 1 week
    • Fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to connect bone ends
    • Mass of repair tissue now called fibrocartilaginous callus
    Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
  3. Bony callus formation
    • New trabeculae form a bony (hard) callus
    • Bony callus formation continues until firm union is formed in ~2 months
    Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
  4. Bone remodeling
    • In response to mechanical stressors over several months
    • Final structure resembles original
138
Q

• Compound (open) fracture

A

bone ends penetrate the skin

139
Q

acromion

A

shoulder point

140
Q

abdominal

A

adomen area

141
Q

sternal

A

center of chest/bone

142
Q

sacral

A

inferior to the lumbar

superior to the perineal

143
Q

scapular

A

scapula/back

144
Q

gastric

A

stomach

145
Q

types of burns

A

Heat, electricity, radiation, certain chemicals
Burn = (tissue damage, denatured protein, cell death)
Immediate threat: Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, leading to renal shutdown and circulatory shock

146
Q

Rule of Nines

A

• Used to estimate the volume of fluid loss from burns

147
Q

Severity of Burns

A
  • Critical if:
  • > 25% of the body has second-degree burns
  • > 10% of the body has third-degree burns
  • Face, hands, or feet bear third-degree burns
148
Q

Monosaccharides

A 
1 sugar
•	Monomers of carbohydrates
•	Important monosaccharides
–	Pentose sugars
•	Ribose and deoxyribose
–	Hexose sugars
•	Glucose (blood sugar)
149
Q

Lipids

A 
•	Contain C, H, O (less than in carbohydrates), and sometimes P
•	Insoluble in water
•	Main types:
–	Neutral fats or triglycerides
–	Phospholipids
–	Steroids
–	Eicosanoids
150
Q

Phospholipids

A

• Modified triglycerides:
– Glycerol + two fatty acids and A phosphorus (P) - containing group
• “Head” and “tail” regions have different properties
• Important in cell membrane structure

151
Q

Steroids

A

• Steroids—interlocking four-ring structure
• Cholesterol, vitamin D, steroid hormones, and bile salts
• Most important steroid
– Cholesterol
• Important in cell membranes, vitamin D synthesis, steroid hormones, and bile salts

152
Q

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

A

• Four bases:
– Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), and Uracil (U)
• Pentose sugar is ribose
• Single-stranded molecule mostly active outside the nucleus
• Three varieties of RNA carry out the DNA orders for protein synthesis
– Messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

153
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A

• Utilizes four nitrogen bases:
– Purines: Adenine (A), Guanine (G)
– Pyrimidines: Cytosine (C), and Thymine (T)
– Base-pair rule – each base pairs with its complementary base
• A always pairs with T; G always pairs with C
• Double-stranded helical molecule (double helix) in the cell nucleus
• Pentose sugar is deoxyribose
• Provides instructions for protein synthesis
• Replicates before cell division ensuring genetic continuity

154
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
– Largest molecules in the body
• Contain C, O, H, N, and P
• Polymers
– Monomer = nucleotide
• Composed of nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group

155
Q

• Lipoproteins

A

– Transport fats in the blood

156
Q

– Cholesterol

A

Most important steroid

Important in cell membranes, vitamin D synthesis, steroid hormones, and bile salts

157
Q

glycogen

A

Polysaccharides

fat storage in the body

158
Q

glycerol

A

modified simple sugar (sugar alcohol)

Triglycerides = Composed of three fatty acids bonded to A glycerol molecule

159
Q

greenstick fracture

A

bone breaks incompletely
only 1 side of the shaft breaks the other side bends
common in children

160
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A
  • Epiphyseal plate cartilage organizes into four important functional zones:
  • Proliferation (growth)
  • Hypertrophic
  • Calcification
  • Ossification (osteogenic)
161
Q

trabecular/spongy bone

A

internal bone
honeycomb of small needle like or flat pieces
filled with yellow or red bone marrow

162
Q

Glandular Epithelia

A
  • A gland is one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid
  • Classified by:
  • Site of product release—endocrine or exocrine
  • Relative number of cells forming the gland—unicellular (e.g., goblet cells) or multicellular
163
Q

glycolipids

A

block most water and water- soluble substances

164
Q

– Mediastinum

A
  • Contains pericardial cavity

* Surrounds thoracic organs

165
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

Epidermis is made of Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

166
Q

Lacunae

A

small cavities that contain osteocytes

167
Q

• Canaliculi

A

hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

168
Q

calcium phosphates

A

• Common salts in body

169
Q

Collagen

A

(white fibers)
• Strongest and most abundant type
• Provides high tensile strength

170
Q

• Diaphysis (shaft)

A

Structure of a Long Bone
Compact bone collar surrounds medullary (marrow) cavity
• Medullary cavity in adults contains fat (yellow marrow)

171
Q

• Epiphyses

A

Structure of a Long Bone
Expanded ends
• Spongy bone interior
• Epiphyseal line (remnant of growth plate)
• Articular (hyaline) cartilage on joint surfaces

172
Q

• Endosteum

A

Membranes of Bone
• Delicate membrane on internal surfaces of bone
• Also contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts

173
Q

• Periosteum

A 
\Membranes of Bone
	Outer fibrous layer
•	Inner osteogenic layer
Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells)
•	Osteoclasts (bone-destroying cells)
•	Osteogenic cells (stem cells)
•	Nerve fibers, nutrient blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels enter the bone via nutrient foramina
•	Secured to underlying bone by Sharpey’s fibers
174
Q
  1. Intramembranous ossification
A
  • Membrane bone develops from fibrous membrane

* Forms flat bones, e.g. clavicles and cranial bones

175
Q
  1. Endochondral ossification
A
  • Cartilage (endochondral) bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
  • Forms most of the rest of the skeleton
  • Uses hyaline cartilage models
  • Requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification
176
Q

• Cutaneous membrane

A

skin

177
Q

• Serous membrane or serosa

A

– Thin, double-layered membranes
• Parietal serosa lines internal body cavity walls
• Visceral serosa covers internal organs (viscera)
– Layers separated by slit-like cavity filled with serous fluid
• Fluid secreted by both layers of membrane

178
Q

lactose

A

disaccharide

Too large to pass through cell membranes

179
Q

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

A
  • Primary germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
  • Formed early in embryonic development
  • Specialize to form the four primary tissues
  • Nerve tissue arises from ectoderm
  • Muscle and connective tissues arise from mesoderm
  • Epithelial tissues arise from all three germ layers
180
Q

Mesenchyme

A

embryonic connective tissue
• Gives rise to all other connective tissues
• Gel-like ground substance with fibers and star-shaped mesenchymal cells

181
Q

• Histones

A

• Histones pack long DNA molecules; involved in gene regulation
• Condense into barlike bodies called chromosomes when cell starts to divide
found in chromatin

182
Q

glucose

A

• Functions of carbohydrates

– Major source of cellular fuel (e.g., glucose)

183
Q

• Spongy (cancellous) bone

A

• Honeycomb of trabeculae

184
Q

• Hydroxyapatites

A
  • Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts)
  • 65% of bone by mass
  • Mainly calcium phosphate crystals
  • Responsible for hardness and resistance to compression
185
Q

callus

A
  • New trabeculae form a bony (hard) callus

* Bony callus formation continues until firm union is formed in ~2 months

A&P (11 decks)

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