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Renal Physiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 functions of Renals?

A 
Electrolyte Balance
Excretion
Hormone secretion
PH regulation
Control circulating volume
Glucogenesis
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2
Q

The function of riding body of water soluble wastes such as urea, creatinine, uric acid, bilirubin etc is called?

A

Excretion

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3
Q

What two electrolytes are balanced by renals?

A

Sodium and Potassium

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4
Q

How do renals regulate PH?

A

Reabsorption/excretion of hydrogen vs bicarb ions

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5
Q

What system of renal function controls the circulating blood volume?

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

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6
Q

Which hormones are secreted due to renal function?

A

Renin and Erythropoietin

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7
Q

What is the average fluid intake per day?

A

2300ml/day

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8
Q

How much water per day do we lose by breathing and through the skin?

Sweating?

Feces?

By Kidneys?

A

600-800 ml

100ml

100ml

1300 ml

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9
Q

What percent of total body weight is intracellular fluid?

A

40%

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10
Q

What percent of total body weight is extracellular fluid?

Two components of extracellular fluid?

A

20%

Plasma and interstitial fluid

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11
Q

High levels of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions are found in which fluid?

A

Extracellular

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12
Q

Interstitial fluid and plasma are separated by what structure that is highly permeable except proteins?

A

Capillary Membrane

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13
Q

Large amounts of potassium and phosphate ions are found in which fluid?

A

Intracellular

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14
Q

The cell membrane between intracellular and extracellular fluid allows free exchange of what?

What does it not let through mostly?

A

Water

Electrolytes

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15
Q

What is the net diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from region of high water concentration to one that is lower?

A

Osmosis

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16
Q

What is the equilibrium pressure between the hydrostatic pressure and the osmotic forces generated by addition of the solute?

What is it proportional to?

A

Osmotic pressure

The number of active or dissociable solutes

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17
Q

1 osmole = ___ mole(s) of a solute particle?

1 mole of a pure substance is ______ particles of that substance

A

1

6.02x10^23

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18
Q

What is Osmolality?

Osmolarity?

A

Osmoles per kilogram of water

Osmoles per liter of water

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19
Q

A solute that is unable to pass between extracellular and intracellular fluid and is capable of causing water movement across a membrane creating a change in pressure is what refereed to what type of osmoles?

A

Effective Osmoles

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20
Q

What are the three effective osmoles?

A

Na+
Glucose
K+

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21
Q

A solute that does not cause water movement across the cell membrane is referred to as what?

A

Ineffective Osmoles

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22
Q

Two types of ineffective osmoles

A

Urea and Ethanol

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23
Q

What is Van’t Hoff’s law?

A

A way to calculate the potential osmotic pressure of a solution across an impermeable membrane

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24
Q

What are the percent sodium chloride solution and glucose solution for Isotonic?

A

0.9% NaCL

5% Glucose

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25
How long does osmotic equilibrium occur between intercellular and extracellular compartments? How long does whole body equilibrium take after drinking water?
Seconds to minutes 30 minutes
26
Four ways you can dehydrate?
No fluid intake Loss from GI tract Sweating Loss from kidneys
27
What is a good indicator of patients fluid status?
Plasma sodium concentration
28
What is hyponatremia? Cell would swell or shrink?
Decreased sodium concentration in the extracellular fluid Swell
29
What is the most common electrolyte disorder seen in clinical practice (15-25% hospitalized patients)?
Hyponatremia
30
What occurs with rapid hyponatremia? Slow evolution of hyponatremia
Rapid cell swelling has major effect on brain. Neuro symptoms, headache, nausea, brain damage. Tissues respond and transport solutes into extracellular space to slow tissue swelling
31
What is hypernatremia? Cause cell swelling or shrinkage?
Increased extracellular sodium concentrations Shrinkage
32
How does the body respond to hypernatremia? Promotes a strong ______ sensation?
Transporting solutes into cells Thirst
33
1 mole of sodium chloride is how many osmoles?
2
34
What is more common extracellular or intracellular edema?
Extracellular
35
What 5 things cause intracellular edema?
Hyponatremia Depression of metabolic systems in tissues Decreased nutrition to cells Decreased blood flow Inflammed tissue
36
What 7 things cause extracellular edema?
Abnormal leak of fluid from llama to interstitial spaces across capillaries Failure of lymphatics to return fluid from interstitium back to blood Increased capillary filtration Lymphedema - failure to return fluid and protein to blood Heart failure (common cause) Decreased excretion of salt and water by kidneys Decreased plasma proteins
37
What are the three ways that body protects with edema?
Interstitail fluid hydrostatic pressure in loose subcutaneous tissues Increase lymph flow "Washdown"
38
Describe "Washdown" of proteins
Inc. in interstitial fluid pressure = inc. lymph flow Dec. interstitium protein conc. as we inc. lymph flow This dec. in proteins decreases osmotic pressure so fluid is prevented from capillaries to interstitial fluid
39
How much does each kidney weigh? Where are kidneys located?
150 grams L1 - L4 REtroparitoneal
40
Name for medial side of kidney where artery, vein, lymphatics, nerve supply, and ureter are found. Kidney surrounded by what?
Hilum Tough renal capsule
41
How many renal pyramids in the medulla? Base located at what border? Tip called what?
8-10 Cortical-medullary border Papilla
42
Calyces, renal pelvis and ureter contract to propel urine to where?
Bladder
43
What percent of cardiac output is from kidneys? How many ml per min?
22% 1100 ml/min
44
Describe steps in Kidney blood flow
``` Renal artery Interlobar arteries Arcuate arteries Interlobular arterioles Afferent arterioles Glomerular capillaries Efferent arteriole Peritubular capillaries Interlobar vein Arcuate vein Interlobular vein Renal vein ```
45
Glomerular capillaries are separated by what structures that help regulate hydrostatic pressure in each of the two capillary beds?
Efferent arterioles
46
Which capillaries have high hydrostatic pressure (60 mmHg) and cause rapid filtration? Lower hydrostatic pressure and allows for rapid fluid reabsorption?
Glomarular Peritubular
47
The change in hydrostatic pressure in afferent and efferent arterioles changes the rate of what two things based on body needs?
Glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption
48
How many nephrons in each kidney? Two different structures?
800,000 - 100,000,000 Cortical nephron Juxtamedullary nephron
49
Can kidneys regenerate new nephrons? Rate of loss?
NO After 40 years old decrease 10% every 10 years
50
Starting at Bowmans capsule where do we go?
``` Proximal tubule Loop of Henle Macula densa Distal tubule Connecting tubule Cortical collecting duct Medullary collecting duct Renal pelvis ```
51
Which nephron structure has short loops of Henele, only penetrates into medulla a little bit, 70-80% nephrons and surrounded by peritubular cap.?
Cortical
52
Which nephron structure has long oops of Henle, Penetrates far into medulla, 20-30% of nephrons, surrounded by specialized peritubular called vasarecta
Juxtamedullary
53
Different disorders that damage kidneys causing release of excess protein in the urine fall under what name?
Nephrotic Syndrome
54
What are some symptoms of Nephrotic syndrome?
``` Edema Protein in urine Decreased appetite Weight gain (fluid) Hypertension Hyponatremia Hyperlipidema ```
55
Nephrotic syndrome increases risk of what?
Infection and blood clots
56
What causes Cystitis?
Germs (usually bacteria) enter the urethra and bladder
57
Persistent urge to urinate Burning sensation when peeing Pelvic discomfort Lower abdominal pressure Cloudy or bloody urine with strong odor are all symptoms of what?
Cystitis
58
What is the name for an acute infection of the renal pelvis or parenchyma? Usually due to an ascending what?
Pyelonephritis UTI
59
What is the name for kidney stones? Most common type?
Nephrolithiasis Calcium oxilate or calcium phosphate
60
Waves of pain, nausea, vomiting, bloody urine is what?
Nephrolithiasis
61
Causes of kidney stones
Imbalance of water Urine too conc. Solutes in urine crystalize Predisposition to having kidney stones runs in families
62
What is name for a genetic disorder that causes formation and enlargement of cysts in the kidneys?
Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)
63
High BP UTI Liver and pancreatic cysts
Polycystic Kidney disease
64
Causes of PKD
Genetic disorder autosomal dominant or recessive
65
What is the name of the process of the urinary bladder emptying when filled?
Micturition
66
The bladder is a smooth muscle chamber with what two main parts? Which is the primary part where urine collects? Which attaches to the urethra?
Body and Neck Body Neck
67
What is the smooth muscle of the bladder who's fibers are intertwined and is low-resistance to electrical impulse between muscle cells? Which part of the bladder contracts?
Detrusor Muscle The whole thing at once
68
On the posterior wall of the bladder, above the bladder neck resides what? Ureter enter bladder at the what?
Trigone Upper Trigone
69
The tone of the detrusor muscle shuts down the what?
Ureters
70
Which muscle prevents emptying of the bladder until the pressure rises above the critical threshold?
Internal Sphincter
71
Urethra passes through what diaphragm?
Urogenital
72
Innervation of the bladder is through which segments and what plexus?
S2 and S3 cord segments Sacral Plexus
73
Pudendal nerve has what type of nerve fibers? Innervate what sphincter?
Somatic External bladder sphincter
74
Sympathetic innervation comes from what nerves to stimulate blood supply to the bladder?
Hypogastric nerves (L2)
75
Steps to Urine flow starting from nephron
``` Nephron Collecting ducts Renal calyces Ureters Bladder ```

Renal Physiology (1 decks)

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