exam 1 Flashcards
what is etiology
origin of disease: why
what is pathogenesis
steps in development: how
What is hyperplasia
increase in # of cells
What is metaplasia
replacement of 1 differentiated cell type to another
What is hypertrophy
increase in size of cells
What is an example of hypertrophy: physio and patho
phys: lifting weights
path: hypertension
what is atrophy
decrease in # of cells
Wart formation is an example of
hyperplasia
diminished blood supply or loss of innervation will produce
atrophy
What happens in atrophy to protein synthesis
decrease synthesis and increase breakdown
Which cellular adaptation is there a likelihood of adaptation
metaplasia
T/F Injured cell will always die
f
Inflammation is associated with apoptosis or necrosis
necrosis
Which necrosis requires histologic exam
fibro necrosis
Name the 3 types of necrosis
karyolysis, pyknosis, karyorhexis
What is karyolysis
nuclear fading
What is pyknosis
nuclear shrinkage
Karyorhexis
nuclear fragmentation
Is mitochondria resistant to deleterious effects of hypoxia
f o2 is final
what is caseous necrosis
cheeselike appearance, walled off area
What time of necrosis goes with TB
caseous
what is the most common activation of apoptosis
Mitochondrial pathway: decrease GF or increase membrane permeability
Capsase 9
What is the death receptor (extrinsic) pathway of apoptosis
- Antigens stimulate cellular surface molecules
- Caspase 8
- TNF
What is autophagy
“self eating”
lysosomal digestion of cellular components
Hypoxia in CNS will produce what necrosis
liquefactive
Influx of intracellular calcium will stimulate _____ by activationg caspases
apoptosis
T/F ROS are produced during normal aerobic respiration
t
Which membrane is not considered among most damaging target of ROS: mitochon, plasma, mucous, lysosomal
mucous
What is steatosis
accumulation of triglycerides within tissue
What is dystrophic calcification
deposition of calcium into necrotic tissue;
cellular injusry and aging with abnormal accumulation of Ca salts
What is metastic calcification
accumulation of ca in normal tissue; pathological hypercalcemia
what is replicative senescence
telomere shortening, limiting the capacity to replicate
Inflammation most associated with macrophages is….
acute
Which inflammation gives scarring (fibrosis)
chronic
Which multi protein cytoplasmic complex recognizes products of dead cells and stimulates acute inflam.
inflammasome
What receptor recognize infections, pathogens, within plasma membrane in acute inflam
toll-like receptors
What initiates margination and rolling when stasis develops at site fo acute inflamm rxn
leukocytes
protein rich fluid accumulation from vascular permeability…
exudate
protein poor fluid accumlation due to vascular permeability…
transudate
inflammation associated with presence of monocytes
chronic (replacement)
when is the inflamm rxn over?
enzymatic degradation of various chemical mediators and normalization of vascular permeability
pattern of inflam w/ acne vulgaris
ulcerative
pattern of inflammation with propionibacterium acne
purulent
pattern of inflam of “blisters”
serous
focal collections of pus are called
abscesses
- carb binding lectins
- surface receptors that aggregate
collectins
what are the outcomes of acute inflam
- resolution
- chronic
- fibrosis (scarring)
TNF, IL1, IL 6 are….
cytokines
activation of which system generates a pore-like membrane attack complex (MAC)
complement system
activation of kinin system leads to vascular permeability increase
bradykinin
Kinin system leads to ….
vasodilation, activates thrombin: clotting (thrombosis)
pyrogens stimulate _____ synthesis, which promote production of_____to change temperature set point
prostoglanding
WBC 16,000 cells per microliter is considered a_____
leukocytosis
leukocytosis #’s
15-20k
what are leukemoid rxns
extremely high blood leukocyte count that mimics leukemia
40-100k
what causes leukemoid rxn
chronic inflam
when inflam process stops what does the body do
heal
normal size of cell population is balance of- proliferating, newly differentiated, and ______
apotosis
marginization is
lining up in a wall, 1st step in leukocyte recruitement
which cell is capable of proliferating in response to injury
labile
terminal differentiation limited replication (after injury)
stable
what are examples of stable
solid organs
examples of labile
epithelia
terminally differentiated, unable to proliferate following injury
permanent
hematopoietic (blood cell that gives rise to others) cells are examples of what cell type
labile
Where are hematopoietic cells found?
bone marrow and peripheral blood
What are the two properties of stem cells
self-renewal capacity and assymetric replication (some differentiate while others do not)
Embryonic or Adult stem cells more differentiated
adult
what would be increased if the result was more entry into the cell cycle and less apoptosis
increased GF
what component of ECM allows for tissue recoil following physical deformation?
elastin?
What fibrous structural protein in ECM provides structural integrity to vessel walls and ligmanents
elastin
What are the two fibrous proteins of ECM?
collagen, elastin
What are the two water hydrated gels of ECM
proteoglycans and hyluronan
What are 3 components of ECM
fibrous proteins, water-hydrated gels, adhesive glycoproteins
What water hydrated gel has the characteristics of compressability and GF storage
proteoglycans
What water-hydrated gels create gel like matrix
hyaluronan
What part of ECM connect elements of ECM to other cells
Adhesive glycoproteins: fibronectin, laminin, integrins
What % is the liver able to regenerate of surgically removed hepatocytes
60%
Granulated tissue is highly or poorly vascularized?
highly
Major source of GF that stimulate and activate fibroblasts are derived from ….
endothelial cells
ECM is degraded by MMP…
zinc ions
ECM produced by
fibroblasts, macrophages, neutrophils, and epithelial cells
Peak neovascularization from surgical incision is on day
5
Wounds will regain ~____% of original tissue strength within 3 months of healing
80
Wounds will regain ~____% of original tissue strength within 1 month of healing
70% due to collagen deposition
Wounds will regain ~____% of original tissue strength within 1 week of healing
10%
What cells sense injury/microbe
macrophages, dendritic, mast
cardinal sign of inflam
rubor, calor, tumor, dolor, functio laesa
what cell is typically associated with acute inflammation
neutrophil
cells associated with chronic
lymphocytes, macrophages, and neovascularization
neutrophil time frame
24-48 hrs
name the two receptors for acute inflammation
toll like receptor and inflammasome
what is a toll like receptor (TLR)
on lipid bilayer
recognize pathogen
stimulate membrane proteins
what are inflammasomes
in cytoplasm
dead cell recognition
1st vascular change with inflam
vasoconstriction: only a few seconds
After dilation with inflam, blood becomes more or less viscous….why
more… so leukocytes can attach to wall
what is margination
lining up of leukocytes
what is diapedesis
leaving of leukocytes into the tissue
MC way to change vessel permeability
endothelial contraction
endothelial contraction is associated with
histamine
5 steps delivering leukocytes
margination and rolling
adheasion
transmigration: diapedesis
chemotaxis
Opsonization is…. (IgG antibodies)
marked for death
what is secondary tissue injury
damage to host from leukocyte from ROS or enzymes
Examples that cause secondary tissue injury
reperfusion and hypersensitivity (allergies, autoimmune)
3 outcomes of acute inflam
resolution, chronicity, scarring (fibrosis)
Morphology of inflammation 4 major types
serous: virus or burn
fibrinous: severe increase in permeability (vessel wall)
purulent: pus formation
ulcerative
cell derived mediators of inflamm (7)
vasoactive amines ara metabolites cytokines ROS nitric oxide lysosomal enzymes neuropeptides
what are vasoactive amines
histamine: inc. permeability of vasodilation
serotonin: vasoconstriction during clotting
what do cytokines to in inflam
recruit leukocyte, promote adheasion and migration
ROS
associated w/ killing off micros
Nitric Oxide
vasodilation and microbial killing
lysosomal enzymes
microbial killing
Plasma protein drived
complement proteins
coagulation proteins
kinins
What protein goes w/ MAC
complement
Kinins lead to….
bradykinin formation, inc vessel perm and production of fibrin clots
chronic inflam cells…
macrophages and lymphocytes (b&t)
granuloma is
accumulation of macrophages
Pyrogen cytokines stimulate _____ synthesis
prostaglandin
2 mechanism of tissue repair
regeneration
scarring: irregular CT
Fibrosis is
abnormal collagen deposition, loosing original functionality
checkpoint control in cell cycle
cyclin dependent kinase
stem cell unique properties
self-renewal capacity
asymmetric replication
what are pluripotent stem cells
can form various cell types
3 important facts of GF
stimulate growth control genes
ignore cell cycle checkpoints
prevent apoptosis
3 types signaling GF
autocrine: self: positive feedback
paracrine: release to local surrounding
endocrine
2 forms of ECM
interstitial matrix basement membrane (chicken wire)
what is soft pink tissue under scab
granulation type tissue
4 stages of scar formation
angiogenesis
fibroblast migration
ecm deposition
eventual removdeling
MMPS do what
break down CT, critical zinc ions
What is keloid
abnormal healing: increase collagen accumulation
steps in cutanous wound healing
inflam
granulation
wound contraction
first intention healing to get no inflam
30 days
2nd intention healing takes
6+ weeks, considerable scar contraction
