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Spinal Anatomy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What is osteology?

A

the study of bone

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1
Q

What are the four tissues of the human body?

A

epithelial, muscle, neural, & connective tissues

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2
Q

What are the three primary cell types of bone?

A

osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

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3
Q

What is the function of each type of bone cell?

A

osteoblast–to form bone
osteocyte–maintain or nurture bone
osteoclast–remodel bone

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4
Q

What are the bone cells embedded in?

A

an amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers and various minerals

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5
Q

What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?

A

glycosaminoglycans

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6
Q

What types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?

A

chondroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates, and hyaluronic acid

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7
Q

What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?

A

collagen type 1

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8
Q

What is the primary constituents of the bone mineral?

A

calcium, phosphate, citrate, and carbonate ions

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9
Q

What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?

A

hydroxyapatite

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10
Q

Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?

A

sodium, magnesium, flouride, lead, strontium, & radium

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11
Q

What is Wolff’s Law as it pertains to bone?

A

living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to stress

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12
Q

What are the three responses of bone which allow it to be described as “living”?

A

it has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors, and to age

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13
Q

What is bone the embryological derivative of?

A

mesenchyme or cartilage

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14
Q

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?

A

intramembranous ossification

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15
Q

What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?

A

from the second to third month in utero

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16
Q

What bones are derived from intramembranous ossification?

A

the nasal, palatine, vomer, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, frontal, parietal, most of the mandible and clavicle, the squama of the temporal and occipital bones & the greater wing of the sphenoid

17
Q

Which bones of the neurocranium are formed by intramembranous ossification?

A

the frontal, parietal, squama of the temporal and occipital bones & greater wing of the sphenoid

18
Q

Which bones of the splanchnocranium are formed by intramembranous ossification?

A

the nasal, palatine, vomer, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, & part of the mandible

19
Q

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?

A

endochondral ossification

20
Q

What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?

A

from the second to fifth month in utero

21
Q

What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification?

A

chondrocranium

22
Q

What bones are formed from the chondrocranium?

A

the inferior nasal concha, ethmoid, and the remainder of the mandible, sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones

23
Q

Which bones of the splanchnocranium are derived from cartilage?

A

the inferior nasal concha and part of the mandible

24
Q

Which bones of the neurocranium are derived from cartilage?

A

the ethmoid, and parts of the sphenoid, temporal & occipital bones

25
Q

Which bones of the neurocranium are derived from cartilage?

A

the ethmoid, and parts of the sphenoid, temporal & occipital bone

26
Q

Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

A

the mandible, sphenoid, temporal & occipital bones

27
Q

What bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

A

the clavicle

28
Q

What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?

A

primary centers of ossification appear before birth

secondary centers of ossification appear after birth

29
Q

Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density?

A

cortical or compact bone and spongy, cancellous or trabecullar bone

30
Q

What is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface?

A

subchondral bone

31
Q

What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone?

A

the periosteum

32
Q

What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone?

A

the endosteum

33
Q

What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?

A

gender variation (sexual dimorphism), ontogenetic variation (growth or age variation), geographic or population-based variation (ethnic variation) and idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)

34
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on male and female variation is identified as which type of variation?

A

gender variation or sexual dimorphism

35
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on age or developmental variation is identified as which type of variation?

A

ontogenetic variation

36
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on ethnicity or locational variation is identified as which type of variation?

A

geographic variation or population based variation

37
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on the uniqueness between individuals is identified as which type of variation?

A

idiosyncratic variation

38
Q

What are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone?

A

long ones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones and sesamoid bones

39
Q

What are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in Spinal?

A

heterotropic and accessory bone

40
Q

What is the name given to bone formed in a non-based location?

A

heterotopic bone

41
Q

What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?

A

accessory bone

Spinal Anatomy (1 decks)

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