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Pharmacology Final > Exam 1: 24 Questions > Flashcards

Exam 1: 24 Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of a Drug?

A

Any chemical that affects the physiological action of any organism.

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2
Q

What is the definition of Pharmacokinetics ?

A

Study of what the body does to the drug molecule.

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3
Q

What is the definition of Pharmacodynamics ?

A

Interaction between medicine and target cells

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4
Q

What is the definition of Half-life ?

A

Time required for one half of a given drug to be removed from the body.

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5
Q

What route has the highest bioavailability?

A

IV

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6
Q

What is the definition of Bioavailability ?

A

The extent of absorption (often changed by the route)

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7
Q

What type of patients or times and reasons would there be increased cautions?(lifespan)

A

Pediatric, geriatric, pregnancy, lactation

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8
Q

How can the accumulation of a drug occur ?

A

Due to metabolic issues, age, environmental issues, etc.

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9
Q

What factor plays a key role in kids and medication doses?

A

Weight

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10
Q

What are some factors that a nurse should be aware of when it comes to Neonatal and pediatric patients?

A

 Immature organs (especially liver and kidneys)
 Sensitivity of receptor sites vary with age
 Skin is thinner
 Stomach acid (pH) is less acidic
 Body temp is less well regulated

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11
Q

What trimester in pregnancy is the highest risk for defects?

A

First Trimester

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12
Q

What should a nurse be concerned about when a mother is breast feeding?

A

Some drugs can cross into the breast milk

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13
Q

What type of patient are you more concerned about giving medications? (high risk)

A

Elderly

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14
Q

What things should you do before administering medications?

A

-Triple Check the medication
-Six Right of medication

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15
Q

When can errors be found in organizational issues?

A

-Prescribing
-Administration
-Dispensing and Transcription

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16
Q

What can help decrease errors such as handwriting, verbal and telephone communication?

A

Computerized charting/ordering

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17
Q

Should you report all medications errors (even ones who do no harm or are near misses)?

A

Yes

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18
Q

What is the definition of medical reconciliation ?

A

record of all medications being taken by a patient
this improves communication between providers and patients.

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19
Q

Should you record all meds, dosages, times, etc. upon entry and repeat with every transfer?

A

Yes

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20
Q

What is the Act that keeps patients information safe?

A

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

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21
Q

What is the definition of Autonomy?

A

Promoting a patients informative decision making.

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21
Q

What is the definition of Confidentiality ?

A

Respecting privileged information about a patient.

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21
Q

What is the definition of Beneficence ?

A

Doing or promoting good for the patient.

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22
Q

What is the definition of Nonmaleficence?

A

Avoiding or doing deliberate harm to a patient
(DO NOT HARM)

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22
What is the definition of Veracity ?
The duty to tell the truth
23
What is the definition of Justice?
Promoting fair and ethical actions
24
What type of pain does opioids solve?
Moderate to severe pain
25
What are the opioid drugs?
Morphine Oxycodone Meperidine Codeine Hydrocodone Fentanyl
26
What is the main adverse effect of opioids?
Constipation
27
What is the most severe adverse effects of opioids ?
Respiratory Depression (Under 12 RR)
28
What are some other side effects of opioids ?
o Strong abuse potential o Sedation, dizziness, lightheaded, drowsiness o Itching, rash o Respiratory depression o Constipation and urinary retention o GI adverse effects (n/v)
29
When should you not administer an opioid or hold an opioid ?
If RR is below 12
30
What is the antidote to opioids?
Narcan
31
What are some key things for Morphine ?
NON CEILING Drug MOST COMMON OPIOID
31
What opioid gets metabolized to hydromorphone?
Hydrocodone
31
What is Codeine used for ?
Cough Suppression
32
What opioid do older adults commonly use ?
Meperdine
33
What opioid is used longterm and transdermal ?
Fentanyl
34
What drugs are opioid Agonists-Antagonists ?
Butorphanol (Stadol), pentazocine (Talwin),
35
What is the most important receptor (morphine)?
Mu
35
Why is Opioid agonists-antagonists used instead of Opioids agonists?
Weaker pain response than opioids
36
Are Opioid agonists-antagonists first line of defense?
Not typically first line of defense; can sometimes be used in pregnant women, previous addicts, and other vulnerable populations
36
Is respiratory depression still possible in opioid agonist-antagonists?
not as likely; though harder to reverse if it does occur (Narcan is still the antidote)
37
What is the main concern with taking (Opioid Agonist-Antagonist) Stadol and Talwin ?
Increased Cardiac Workload
38
What patients should not take opioid agonist-antagonists?
MI or patients with cardiac insufficiency.
39
What does the opioid antagonists do?
Reversal of opioid effects, overdose
40
What is the opioid antagonist drug?
Narcan
41
What is the withdraw symptoms for Narcan ?
Increased HR and RR, and can lead to seizures. (PAIN COMES BACK ALL AT ONCE)
42
How many minutes between to repeat doses of Narcan?
2-3 minutes
43
What is the process for administration for Narcan?
0.2 mg , May need multiple doses, check vitals every 5-15 minutes for several hours after
44
What are the drugs for NSAIDS?
Naproxen Salicylate Acetylsalicylic Ibuprofen Ketorolac
45
What are the indications for NSAIDS?
Used for pain management, anti-inflammatory, and anti-pyretic activity.
46
What does COX-1 do?
Maintain homeostasis in the body.
47
What does COX-2 do?
Response to an injury (ex: Celebrex)
48
What are the adverse effects for NSAIDS?
* GI Tract * Acute renal failure * Reye’s Syndrome (Aspirin) * Salicylism (Aspirin poisoning)
49
What should you monitor when it comes to NSAIDS?
Monitor S/S of Bleeding
50
What dose of Aspirin can be used to prevent embolic events?
Low dose: 81 mg (baby aspirin)
51
Is acetaminophen (Tylenol) an NSAID?
No
52
Why would you use Acetaminophen?
*Good for use in children *Antipyretic drug of choice *No anti-inflammatory properties *Fewer side effects
53
Who should you not give Tylenol to?
ETOH, Alcoholics, liver damage, hypertensive
54
What is the antidote for Tylenol?
Acetylcysteine
55
What labs do you monitor for Tylenol?
ALT and AST
56
Will Tylenol prevent a heart attack or stroke?
no
57
What is tramadol (Central Acting Non-opioid ) ?
Causes CNS Effects Watch out for Serotonin Syndrome Watch out for Seizures
58
What are the drugs for Muscle Relaxants ?
diazepam (Valium) cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril)
59
What are muscle relaxants used for ?
To aid in intubation, surgery of long duration, and reduces maintenance dose of anesthetics agents.
60
Whats the medication for Glucocorticoids?
Prednisone (Deltasone)
61
What is Prednisone (Deltasone) used for?
Symptomatic relief of pain and inflammation in both inflammatory and autoimmune disorders; skin disorders; delay of rheumatoid arthritis.
62
What are the adverse effects for Glucocorticoids ?
Suppression of adrenal function, Hyperglycemia, Myopathy, Peptic ulcer disease, GI discomfort, Infection, Bone Loss, Cataracts
63
What is the administration process for Glucocorticoids?
Take like a steroid: largest dose on first day and taper for 8 days.
64
What is the main adverse effectof uricosurics?
Metallic taste
65
What are the adverse effects of Uricosurics?
GI, drowsiness, headache, vertigo, agranulocytosis, anemia, bone marrow depression, metallic taste in mouth, cataracts
66
What are drugs for Benzodiazepines?
*Pams* Diazepam (Valium), Alprazolam (Xanax), Lorazepam (Ativan), Temazepam (Restoril)
67
What are benzodiazepines used for ?
Anxiety, insomnia, Active seizure disorders, muscle spasm, alcohol withdrawal, pre-op anxiety.
68
What is the MOA for Benzodiazepines ?
Decrease the excitability of the neurons in the CNS; causes a calming effect
69
What are the adverse effects of Benzodiazepines?
oCNS Depression, Respiratory depression, abuse potential oCan have rebound anxiety when meds wear off
70
Should you taper off dose for Benzodiazepines?
Yes, taper off dose (no cold turkey).
71
What is the antidote for Benzodiazepines?
Romazicon (Flumazenil)
72
What are the other treatments for benzodiazepines?
Gastric lavage, activated charcoal, saline cathartic, and dialysis.
73
What are the Non-benzodiazepines ?
Buspirone (Buspar), Zolpidem (Ambien), Zolpidem Tartrate (Ambien CR)
74
What Non-benzodiazepine is the most common?
Ambien is most widely used hypnotic for insomnia
75
What Non-benzodiazepines is used for long term?
Ambien CR and Buspar
76
What is Buspar used for ?
Chronic or generalized anxiety; can be used long-term.
77
What are the drugs for SNRIs?
Duloxetine (Cymbalta), Venlafaxine (Effexor)
78
What is the MOAs of SNRIs?
Inhibit serotonin and norepinephrine.
79
What are the LIFE THREAT adverse effects of SNRIs?
Serotonin Syndrome, Seizures, Hepatotoxicity, Suicidal Ideation.
79
What is the drug for MAOIs?
Phenelzine (Nardil)
80
What are the adverse effects of SNRIs?
fatigue/drowsiness, insomnia, anxiety, weight loss, decreased appetite, sexual dysfunction, low sodium, respiratory issues (Effexor)
81
What do you caution for with MAOIs?
Tyramine foods
82
What is the Mechanism of Action for MAOIs?
Prevents the breakdown of brain chemicals serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine
83
Should MAOIs be used with other drugs?
No, a lot of interactions
83
What is the biggest thing when it comes to MOAIs?
Discharge medicine 14 days before anesthetics and other antidepressants
84
What are the drugs for Tricyclic Antidepressants?
Imipramine (Tofranil), Clomipramine (Anafranil), Amitriptyline (Elavil)
84
What are TCAs used for ?
Resistant depression and painful neuropathy
85
What are the adverse effects for TCAs?
Constipation, urinary retention, blurred vision, photophobia, dry mouth, tachycardia, confusion.
85
What are the drugs for SSRIs?
Paroxetine (Paxil), Fluoxetine (Prozac), Sertraline (Zoloft)
86
What do TCAs change ?
heart rhythms and dysrhythmias
87
What are the adverse effects of SSRIs?
Nausea, diaphoresis, tremors, nervousness, suicidal ideation, sexual dysfunction, weight fluctuation, GI bleed, orthostatic hypotension.
88
What should you caution for with SSRIs?
Serotonin Syndrome
89
How long does it take for SSRIs to work?
Can take 1-3 weeks before seeing any effect.

Pharmacology Final (3 decks)

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