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Pharmacology Final > Exam 1: 24 Questions > Flashcards

Exam 1: 24 Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of a Drug?

A

Any chemical that affects the physiological action of any organism.

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2
Q

What is the definition of Pharmacokinetics ?

A

Study of what the body does to the drug molecule.

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3
Q

What is the definition of Pharmacodynamics ?

A

Interaction between medicine and target cells

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4
Q

What is the definition of Half-life ?

A

Time required for one half of a given drug to be removed from the body.

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5
Q

What route has the highest bioavailability?

A

IV

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6
Q

What is the definition of Bioavailability ?

A

The extent of absorption (often changed by the route)

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7
Q

What type of patients or times and reasons would there be increased cautions?(lifespan)

A

Pediatric, geriatric, pregnancy, lactation

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8
Q

How can the accumulation of a drug occur ?

A

Due to metabolic issues, age, environmental issues, etc.

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9
Q

What factor plays a key role in kids and medication doses?

A

Weight

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10
Q

What are some factors that a nurse should be aware of when it comes to Neonatal and pediatric patients?

A

 Immature organs (especially liver and kidneys)
 Sensitivity of receptor sites vary with age
 Skin is thinner
 Stomach acid (pH) is less acidic
 Body temp is less well regulated

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11
Q

What trimester in pregnancy is the highest risk for defects?

A

First Trimester

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12
Q

What should a nurse be concerned about when a mother is breast feeding?

A

Some drugs can cross into the breast milk

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13
Q

What type of patient are you more concerned about giving medications? (high risk)

A

Elderly

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14
Q

What things should you do before administering medications?

A

-Triple Check the medication
-Six Right of medication

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15
Q

When can errors be found in organizational issues?

A

-Prescribing
-Administration
-Dispensing and Transcription

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16
Q

What can help decrease errors such as handwriting, verbal and telephone communication?

A

Computerized charting/ordering

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17
Q

Should you report all medications errors (even ones who do no harm or are near misses)?

A

Yes

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18
Q

What is the definition of medical reconciliation ?

A

record of all medications being taken by a patient
this improves communication between providers and patients.

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19
Q

Should you record all meds, dosages, times, etc. upon entry and repeat with every transfer?

A

Yes

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20
Q

What is the Act that keeps patients information safe?

A

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

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21
Q

What is the definition of Autonomy?

A

Promoting a patients informative decision making.

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21
Q

What is the definition of Confidentiality ?

A

Respecting privileged information about a patient.

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21
Q

What is the definition of Beneficence ?

A

Doing or promoting good for the patient.

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22
Q

What is the definition of Nonmaleficence?

A

Avoiding or doing deliberate harm to a patient
(DO NOT HARM)

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22
Q

What is the definition of Veracity ?

A

The duty to tell the truth

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23
Q

What is the definition of Justice?

A

Promoting fair and ethical actions

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24
Q

What type of pain does opioids solve?

A

Moderate to severe pain

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25
Q

What are the opioid drugs?

A

Morphine
Oxycodone
Meperidine
Codeine
Hydrocodone
Fentanyl

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26
Q

What is the main adverse effect of opioids?

A

Constipation

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27
Q

What is the most severe adverse effects of opioids ?

A

Respiratory Depression
(Under 12 RR)

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28
Q

What are some other side effects of opioids ?

A

o Strong abuse potential
o Sedation, dizziness, lightheaded, drowsiness
o Itching, rash
o Respiratory depression
o Constipation and urinary retention
o GI adverse effects (n/v)

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29
Q

When should you not administer an opioid or hold an opioid ?

A

If RR is below 12

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30
Q

What is the antidote to opioids?

A

Narcan

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31
Q

What are some key things for Morphine ?

A

NON CEILING Drug
MOST COMMON OPIOID

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31
Q

What opioid gets metabolized to hydromorphone?

A

Hydrocodone

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31
Q

What is Codeine used for ?

A

Cough Suppression

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32
Q

What opioid do older adults commonly use ?

A

Meperdine

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33
Q

What opioid is used longterm and transdermal ?

A

Fentanyl

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34
Q

What drugs are opioid Agonists-Antagonists ?

A

Butorphanol (Stadol), pentazocine (Talwin),

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35
Q

What is the most important receptor (morphine)?

A

Mu

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35
Q

Why is Opioid agonists-antagonists used instead of Opioids agonists?

A

Weaker pain response than opioids

36
Q

Are Opioid agonists-antagonists first line of defense?

A

Not typically first line of defense; can sometimes be used in pregnant women, previous addicts, and other vulnerable populations

36
Q

Is respiratory depression still possible in opioid agonist-antagonists?

A

not as likely; though harder to reverse if it does occur
(Narcan is still the antidote)

37
Q

What is the main concern with taking (Opioid Agonist-Antagonist) Stadol and Talwin ?

A

Increased Cardiac Workload

38
Q

What patients should not take opioid agonist-antagonists?

A

MI or patients with cardiac insufficiency.

39
Q

What does the opioid antagonists do?

A

Reversal of opioid effects, overdose

40
Q

What is the opioid antagonist drug?

A

Narcan

41
Q

What is the withdraw symptoms for Narcan ?

A

Increased HR and RR, and can lead to seizures.
(PAIN COMES BACK ALL AT ONCE)

42
Q

How many minutes between to repeat doses of Narcan?

A

2-3 minutes

43
Q

What is the process for administration for Narcan?

A

0.2 mg , May need multiple doses, check vitals every 5-15 minutes for several hours after

44
Q

What are the drugs for NSAIDS?

A

Naproxen
Salicylate
Acetylsalicylic
Ibuprofen
Ketorolac

45
Q

What are the indications for NSAIDS?

A

Used for pain management, anti-inflammatory, and anti-pyretic activity.

46
Q

What does COX-1 do?

A

Maintain homeostasis in the body.

47
Q

What does COX-2 do?

A

Response to an injury
(ex: Celebrex)

48
Q

What are the adverse effects for NSAIDS?

A
  • GI Tract
  • Acute renal failure
  • Reye’s Syndrome (Aspirin)
  • Salicylism (Aspirin poisoning)
49
Q

What should you monitor when it comes to NSAIDS?

A

Monitor S/S of Bleeding

50
Q

What dose of Aspirin can be used to prevent embolic events?

A

Low dose: 81 mg (baby aspirin)

51
Q

Is acetaminophen (Tylenol) an NSAID?

A

No

52
Q

Why would you use Acetaminophen?

A

*Good for use in children
*Antipyretic drug of choice
*No anti-inflammatory properties
*Fewer side effects

53
Q

Who should you not give Tylenol to?

A

ETOH, Alcoholics, liver damage, hypertensive

54
Q

What is the antidote for Tylenol?

A

Acetylcysteine

55
Q

What labs do you monitor for Tylenol?

A

ALT and AST

56
Q

Will Tylenol prevent a heart attack or stroke?

A

no

57
Q

What is tramadol (Central Acting Non-opioid ) ?

A

Causes CNS Effects
Watch out for Serotonin Syndrome
Watch out for Seizures

58
Q

What are the drugs for Muscle Relaxants ?

A

diazepam (Valium)
cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril)

59
Q

What are muscle relaxants used for ?

A

To aid in intubation, surgery of long duration, and reduces maintenance dose of anesthetics agents.

60
Q

Whats the medication for Glucocorticoids?

A

Prednisone (Deltasone)

61
Q

What is Prednisone (Deltasone) used for?

A

Symptomatic relief of pain and inflammation in both inflammatory and autoimmune disorders; skin disorders; delay of rheumatoid arthritis.

62
Q

What are the adverse effects for Glucocorticoids ?

A

Suppression of adrenal function, Hyperglycemia, Myopathy, Peptic ulcer disease, GI discomfort, Infection, Bone Loss, Cataracts

63
Q

What is the administration process for Glucocorticoids?

A

Take like a steroid: largest dose on first day and taper for 8 days.

64
Q

What is the main adverse effectof uricosurics?

A

Metallic taste

65
Q

What are the adverse effects of Uricosurics?

A

GI, drowsiness, headache, vertigo, agranulocytosis, anemia, bone marrow depression, metallic taste in mouth, cataracts

66
Q

What are drugs for Benzodiazepines?

A

Pams Diazepam (Valium), Alprazolam (Xanax), Lorazepam (Ativan), Temazepam (Restoril)

67
Q

What are benzodiazepines used for ?

A

Anxiety, insomnia, Active seizure disorders, muscle spasm, alcohol withdrawal, pre-op anxiety.

68
Q

What is the MOA for Benzodiazepines ?

A

Decrease the excitability of the neurons in the CNS; causes a calming effect

69
Q

What are the adverse effects of Benzodiazepines?

A

oCNS Depression, Respiratory depression, abuse potential
oCan have rebound anxiety when meds wear off

70
Q

Should you taper off dose for Benzodiazepines?

A

Yes, taper off dose (no cold turkey).

71
Q

What is the antidote for Benzodiazepines?

A

Romazicon (Flumazenil)

72
Q

What are the other treatments for benzodiazepines?

A

Gastric lavage, activated charcoal, saline cathartic, and dialysis.

73
Q

What are the Non-benzodiazepines ?

A

Buspirone (Buspar), Zolpidem (Ambien), Zolpidem Tartrate (Ambien CR)

74
Q

What Non-benzodiazepine is the most common?

A

Ambien is most widely used hypnotic for insomnia

75
Q

What Non-benzodiazepines is used for long term?

A

Ambien CR and Buspar

76
Q

What is Buspar used for ?

A

Chronic or generalized anxiety; can be used long-term.

77
Q

What are the drugs for SNRIs?

A

Duloxetine (Cymbalta), Venlafaxine (Effexor)

78
Q

What is the MOAs of SNRIs?

A

Inhibit serotonin and norepinephrine.

79
Q

What are the LIFE THREAT adverse effects of SNRIs?

A

Serotonin Syndrome, Seizures, Hepatotoxicity, Suicidal Ideation.

79
Q

What is the drug for MAOIs?

A

Phenelzine (Nardil)

80
Q

What are the adverse effects of SNRIs?

A

fatigue/drowsiness, insomnia, anxiety, weight loss, decreased appetite, sexual dysfunction, low sodium, respiratory issues (Effexor)

81
Q

What do you caution for with MAOIs?

A

Tyramine foods

82
Q

What is the Mechanism of Action for MAOIs?

A

Prevents the breakdown of brain chemicals serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine

83
Q

Should MAOIs be used with other drugs?

A

No, a lot of interactions

83
Q

What is the biggest thing when it comes to MOAIs?

A

Discharge medicine 14 days before anesthetics and other antidepressants

84
Q

What are the drugs for Tricyclic Antidepressants?

A

Imipramine (Tofranil), Clomipramine (Anafranil), Amitriptyline (Elavil)

84
Q

What are TCAs used for ?

A

Resistant depression and painful neuropathy

85
Q

What are the adverse effects for TCAs?

A

Constipation, urinary retention, blurred vision, photophobia, dry mouth, tachycardia, confusion.

85
Q

What are the drugs for SSRIs?

A

Paroxetine (Paxil), Fluoxetine (Prozac), Sertraline (Zoloft)

86
Q

What do TCAs change ?

A

heart rhythms and dysrhythmias

87
Q

What are the adverse effects of SSRIs?

A

Nausea, diaphoresis, tremors, nervousness, suicidal ideation, sexual dysfunction, weight fluctuation, GI bleed, orthostatic hypotension.

88
Q

What should you caution for with SSRIs?

A

Serotonin Syndrome

89
Q

How long does it take for SSRIs to work?

A

Can take 1-3 weeks before seeing any effect.

Pharmacology Final (3 decks)

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