Exam 1 Flashcards
growth
quantitative increase in size or magnitude of body as a whole
maturation
continues to have a functional change from childhood to adulthood
development
a continuous process of change in functional capacity (before and after bell curve)
4 domains of human development
affective cognitive motor physical domains are not discrete
affective
social, emotional
cognitive
intellect
motor
development of movement
physical
physical/bodily change
constraints
individual
environmental
task
individual constraints
structural: shape, weight
functional: motivation, memory
environmental constraints
physical: climate, availability
sociocultural: social norms, stereotypes
task
goals, rules, equipment
(activity specific)`
elements of development
qualitative sequential cumulative directional multifactorial individual
qualitative
technique
sequential
stepping stones (different skills in a set order)
cumulative
complete one step before another (progression of same skill)
directional
ultimate goal
multifactorial
all of the other factors
individual
structure, function
developmental
fosters organic and skill development
ex: ladders, chinup bar, climbing poles
non-developmental
does not necessarily foster skill; does not contribute to physical objectives
ex: slides, swings
cephalocaudal
growth and motor control proceed from head to foot
proximodistal
growth and motor control proceed from the trunk to the extremeties
maturation
tempo: pace
timing: when it starts
differentiation
progression from gross, immature movement to precise, well-controlled, intentional movement
integration
motor systems are able to function together as ability progresses
phylogenetic behavior
not influenced by learning and environment
ontogenetic behavior
influenced by learning and environment
ossification
formation of bones
osteoblasts
bone builders
osteoclasts
breaks down bone (takes calcium out of to the bloodstream)
osteogenesis
starts at 2nd month fetal age
intramembranous ossification
between membranes
flat bones: ribs skull
flat bones form first
blood is delivered for cells to differentiate in mesenchyme to osteocytes
endochondral ossification
within cartilage
long bones, short bones, irregular bones
most of the skeleton is made of cartilage in a fetus
a transition from cartilage to bone occurs
osteoblasts and osteoclasts replace hyaline cartilage cells and ossification begins
spongy bone
medullary cavity, flat bones, ends of round bones
compact bone
outside of bones
just below periosteum
diaphysis of long and short bones
secondary ossification centers
after birth
within epiphyses at ends of long, short, irregular bones
spongy bone forms in epiphyses, compact bone between two spongy bone is growth plate
contributes to length
cartilage frame, calcified chondrocytes, osteblasts turn them into osteocytes at diaphysis
growth plate/epiphyseal disks/epiphysial line
place where chondrocytes are being formed (new bone growth)
metaphysis
newest bone adding length to long bone
pressure epiphyses
region of the long bone that forms the joint
assist in transmitting weight
traction epiphysis
contributes to bone shape but not longitudinal growth
place of attachment of tendons and ligaments
modeling
reshaping of bone by independent action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
growth in size or repair
metaphyseal region must decrease in diameter as bone increases in length
osteoclastic activity to narrow so bone can get longer
remodeling
action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts are coupled and bone reabsorption and formation occur at the same spot on a bone surface
maintaining current amount of bone
cessation of bone growth
rate of proliferation slows and ossification proceeds at a faster pace at metaphysis
ossification of the diaphysis reaches the epiphysis and they fuse so that no further increase in length can occur
growth contribution
the percent of growth varies according to whether the growth plate is located proximally or distally: where the load is
usage defined, load dependent both quantity and quality
skeletal age
a measure of how far along the bones are in their course of development as recorded by xray
atlas of standards: people of the same population to compare stage of growth
general growth pattern
s shaped growth curve
rapid gain in infancy and early childhood
steady gain in middle/late childhood
adolescent growth spurt
slow increase until growth ceases with the attainment of adult stature
sex differences in growth
girls level off sooner and gain less mass
differentiation of fiber types: males have more power cells, girls have more type 1 than type 2 among girls
exercise and skeletal health
exercise increases bone density
inactivity is related to bone decalcification
