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Human Growth and Motor Development > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

growth

A

quantitative increase in size or magnitude of body as a whole

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2
Q

maturation

A

continues to have a functional change from childhood to adulthood

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3
Q

development

A

a continuous process of change in functional capacity (before and after bell curve)

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4
Q

4 domains of human development

A 
affective
cognitive
motor
physical
domains are not discrete
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5
Q

affective

A

social, emotional

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6
Q

cognitive

A

intellect

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7
Q

motor

A

development of movement

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8
Q

physical

A

physical/bodily change

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9
Q

constraints

A

individual
environmental
task

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10
Q

individual constraints

A

structural: shape, weight
functional: motivation, memory

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11
Q

environmental constraints

A

physical: climate, availability
sociocultural: social norms, stereotypes

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12
Q

task

A

goals, rules, equipment

(activity specific)`

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13
Q

elements of development

A 
qualitative
sequential
cumulative
directional
multifactorial
individual
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14
Q

qualitative

A

technique

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15
Q

sequential

A

stepping stones (different skills in a set order)

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16
Q

cumulative

A

complete one step before another (progression of same skill)

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17
Q

directional

A

ultimate goal

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18
Q

multifactorial

A

all of the other factors

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19
Q

individual

A

structure, function

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20
Q

developmental

A

fosters organic and skill development

ex: ladders, chinup bar, climbing poles

21
Q

non-developmental

A

does not necessarily foster skill; does not contribute to physical objectives
ex: slides, swings

22
Q

cephalocaudal

A

growth and motor control proceed from head to foot

23
Q

proximodistal

A

growth and motor control proceed from the trunk to the extremeties

24
Q

maturation

A

tempo: pace
timing: when it starts

25
Q

differentiation

A

progression from gross, immature movement to precise, well-controlled, intentional movement

26
Q

integration

A

motor systems are able to function together as ability progresses

27
Q

phylogenetic behavior

A

not influenced by learning and environment

28
Q

ontogenetic behavior

A

influenced by learning and environment

29
Q

ossification

A

formation of bones

30
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone builders

31
Q

osteoclasts

A

breaks down bone (takes calcium out of to the bloodstream)

32
Q

osteogenesis

A

starts at 2nd month fetal age

33
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

between membranes
flat bones: ribs skull
flat bones form first
blood is delivered for cells to differentiate in mesenchyme to osteocytes

34
Q

endochondral ossification

A

within cartilage
long bones, short bones, irregular bones
most of the skeleton is made of cartilage in a fetus
a transition from cartilage to bone occurs
osteoblasts and osteoclasts replace hyaline cartilage cells and ossification begins

35
Q

spongy bone

A

medullary cavity, flat bones, ends of round bones

36
Q

compact bone

A

outside of bones
just below periosteum
diaphysis of long and short bones

37
Q

secondary ossification centers

A

after birth
within epiphyses at ends of long, short, irregular bones
spongy bone forms in epiphyses, compact bone between two spongy bone is growth plate
contributes to length
cartilage frame, calcified chondrocytes, osteblasts turn them into osteocytes at diaphysis

38
Q

growth plate/epiphyseal disks/epiphysial line

A

place where chondrocytes are being formed (new bone growth)

39
Q

metaphysis

A

newest bone adding length to long bone

40
Q

pressure epiphyses

A

region of the long bone that forms the joint

assist in transmitting weight

41
Q

traction epiphysis

A

contributes to bone shape but not longitudinal growth

place of attachment of tendons and ligaments

42
Q

modeling

A

reshaping of bone by independent action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
growth in size or repair
metaphyseal region must decrease in diameter as bone increases in length
osteoclastic activity to narrow so bone can get longer

43
Q

remodeling

A

action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts are coupled and bone reabsorption and formation occur at the same spot on a bone surface
maintaining current amount of bone

44
Q

cessation of bone growth

A

rate of proliferation slows and ossification proceeds at a faster pace at metaphysis
ossification of the diaphysis reaches the epiphysis and they fuse so that no further increase in length can occur

45
Q

growth contribution

A

the percent of growth varies according to whether the growth plate is located proximally or distally: where the load is
usage defined, load dependent both quantity and quality

46
Q

skeletal age

A

a measure of how far along the bones are in their course of development as recorded by xray
atlas of standards: people of the same population to compare stage of growth

47
Q

general growth pattern

A

s shaped growth curve
rapid gain in infancy and early childhood
steady gain in middle/late childhood
adolescent growth spurt
slow increase until growth ceases with the attainment of adult stature

48
Q

sex differences in growth

A

girls level off sooner and gain less mass

differentiation of fiber types: males have more power cells, girls have more type 1 than type 2 among girls

49
Q

exercise and skeletal health

A

exercise increases bone density

inactivity is related to bone decalcification

Human Growth and Motor Development (1 decks)

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