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Modalities > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 Categories of Physical Agents?

A

Thermal
Mechanical
Electromagnetic

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2
Q

What are examples of Thermal Physical Agents?

A

Superficial-Heating Agents: Hot Pack
Cooling Agents: Ice Pack (cold pack)
Deep-Heating Agents: Diathermy

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3
Q

What are examples of Mechanical Physical Agents?

A

Traction: Mechanical Traction
Compression: Elastic Bandage
Water: Whirlpool
Sound: Ultrasound

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4
Q

What are examples of Electromagnetic Physical Agents?

A

Electromagnetic Fields: Ultraviolet

Electric Currents: TENS

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5
Q

What are the Effects of Physical Agents?

A

Modify Inflammation and Healing
Relieve Pain
Alter Collagen Extensibility
Modify Muscle Tone

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6
Q

What are the general Contraindications and Precautions of Physical Agents?

A
  • Pregnancy: only if energy produced by the physical agent may reach the fetus
  • Malignancy: some agents have shown to accelerate growth of cancerous tissues
  • Pacemaker: may alter the functioning of pacemaker
  • Impaired sensation: if patient cannot report of how the treatment feels.
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7
Q

What are the Common Causes of Inflammation?

A
  • Soft tissue trauma (sprain, strain, contusions)
  • Fractures
  • Foreign bodies (sutures)
  • Autoimmune disease (RA)
  • Chemical agents (acid)
  • Thermal agents (burns, frostbite)
  • Irradiation (UV)
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8
Q

What are the 3 Phases of Inflammation?

A

Inflammation Phase
Proliferation Phase
Maturation Phase

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9
Q

Describe Inflammation Phase & time frame

A

Prepares wound for healing

*Days 1-6

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10
Q

Describe Proliferation Phase & time frame

A

Rebuilds the damaged structures and straightens the wound

*Days 3-20

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11
Q

Descrive Maturation Phase & time frame

A

Modifies the scar tissue into its mature form

*Day 9-on

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12
Q

What are the 5 Cardinal Signs of the Inflammation Phase?

A 
Color=Heat
Rubor=Redness
Tumor=Swelling
Dolor=Pain
Functio Laesa=Loss of function
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13
Q

What are the 2 Categories of Factors Affecting the Healing Process and examples under each?

A

Local Factors

  • Type, size, location of injury
  • Infection
  • Vascular supply
  • External forces
  • Movement

Systemic Factors

  • Age
  • Disease
  • Medications
  • Nutrition
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14
Q

Is the healing of Skeletal muscle regeneration well documented?

A

NO, not a lot of evidence behind it

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15
Q

What are the stages of Fracture Healing?

A 
Impaction
Induction
Inflammation
Soft Callus formation
Hard Callus formation
Remodeling
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16
Q

What are the 4 types of response in the Inflammation Phase?

A
  • Vascular: vasoconstriction to minimize blood loss
  • Hemostatic: platelets enter site and fibrin to stimulate clotting
  • Cellular: macrophages is most important cell and essential to wound healing
  • Immune
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17
Q

What happens in the Proliferative Phase?

A
  • Reestablish the epidermis
  • Collagen production
  • Wound contraction
18
Q

What happens in the Maturation Phase?

A
  • Can last for over a year
  • Ultimate goal is to restore to prior function of injured tissue
  • Keloid or Hypertrophic scar
19
Q

What are the Types of Pain?

A

Acute
Chronic
Referred

20
Q

Define Acute Pain

A

Pain of less than 6 months duration with no underlying pathology

21
Q

Define Chronic Pain

A

Pain that does not resolve in the usual time it take for the disorder to heal OR that continues longer than noxious stimulation

22
Q

Define Referred Pain

A

Pain felt at a location distant from the actual source of pain

23
Q

How is pain transported to the brain?

A

Stimulus transmitted along peripheral nerves to CNS from where it can reach cortex and consciousness

24
Q

What are A-delta Fibers and what % are they?

A

They are small myelinated fibers that transmit more quickly and make up 20% of pain-transmitting fibers

  • High intensity
  • Sharp, stabbing or pricking
  • Quick onset but short lasting
25
Q

What are C Fibers and what % are they?

A

They are small un-myelainated fibers that transmit action potentials slowly and make up 80% of pain-transmitting fibers

  • Dull, throbbing, aching, burning
  • long lasting
26
Q

Who first proposed The Gate Control Theory? when?

A

Melzack and Wall in 1965

27
Q

What is an examples of a Nonnociceptive Sensory Receptor?

A
  • Touching injury
  • Heat pack
  • Cold pack
28
Q

What is the general theory of the Gate Control Theory?

A

Increased activity of nonnociceptor (pain receptors) causes inhibition of T cells (make local connection with spinal cord) which causes a closing of the gate to brain and decreases sensation of pain.

29
Q

What are 2 ways of measuring pain?

A
  • Visual Analog Scale: asses pain by asking patient to indicate present level of pain on a drawn line
  • Numeric Rating Scale: rate pain numerically on a scale of 1-10 or 1-100
30
Q

What are the limitations of the Pain Scales?

A

Fail to provide information about how the pain is impacting the patients functional activity level.

31
Q

What are the goals of Pain Management?

A
  • Eliminating the cause of pain
  • Control nociceptor input
  • Reduce degree of patients impairment
32
Q

What are different approaches to Pain Management?

A
  • NSAIDs: anti-inflammatory
  • Acetaminophen (Tylenol): good for patients with GI problems
  • Opiates: narcotic drugs for patients that have pain that is not controlled by non-narcotics
  • Antidepressants: treatment of depression
  • Spinal Analgesia: medications injected into space of spinal cord
  • Local Injection: corticosteroid for local injection for short term pain relief
  • Physical Agents
33
Q

Define Muscle Tone

A

The muscle tension at rest

34
Q

Define Flaccidity

A

Lack of tone or zero resistance (total paralysis of muscle)

35
Q

Define Hypotonicity

A

Decreased resistance to stretch

36
Q

Define Hypertonicity

A

High tone

37
Q

Define Spasticity

A

Unusual tightness or stiffness or pull of muscles

38
Q

How do you measure spasticity muscle tone?

A

Pendulum Test or EMG

39
Q

How do you measure muscle tone?

A 
Normal Tone 2+
No Tone 0
Hypotonia 1+
Moderate Hypertonia 3+
Severe Hypertonia 4+

Reflexes: tapping on tendon

40
Q

What are the anatomical bases for muscle tone and activation?

A
  • contractile elements in muscle fiber
  • cellular elements providing structure
  • connective tissue
  • tendons
  • passive and active elements
  • myofilaments
  • heat and cold
41
Q

What is treatment for low tone?

A

Things to active and wake up the muscle

42
Q

How do you treat high tone?

A

You want to calm down the muscle and relax it

Modalities (2 decks)

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