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Anatomy II Final > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Organ that is part of digestive tract/alimentary canal:

A

stomach

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2
Q

arrange in the correct order:

  • digestion
  • elimination
  • ingestion
  • absorption
A

(3,1,4,2)

  1. ingestion
  2. digestion
  3. absorption
  4. elimination
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3
Q

the sequence of digestive tract wall:

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

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4
Q

what is the muscularis responsible for?

A

peristalsis

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5
Q

what layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with food consumed?

A

mucosa

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6
Q

what does the enteric plexus do?

A

controls movement and secretion of digestive tract

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7
Q

in what phase of swallowing does the epiglottis cover the opening to the larynx?

A

the pharyngeal phase

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8
Q

mastication

A

increases surface area of food particles

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9
Q

what may happen if a person laughs while beginning to swallow?

A

relaxation of the soft palate allows liquid to enter the nasal cavity

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10
Q

what is a function of the parietal cells

A

to produce hydrochloric acid

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11
Q

the esophagus

A

has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food

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12
Q

what is the name of the condition when part of the stomach extends through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity?

A

hiatal hernia

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13
Q

why doesn’t the stomach digest itself?

A

because the stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus

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14
Q

reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus occurs because of

A

relaxation of the CARDIAC sphincter

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15
Q

hepatopanceratic ampulla formed by the union of the

A

common bile duct & pancreatic duct

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16
Q

which layer of the small intestine wall contains cells with microvilli?

A

mucosa

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17
Q

the INTESTINAL phase of gastric secretion

A

is controlled by entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum

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18
Q

which will stimulate gastric secretion?

  • secretin -CCK
  • pepsin -gastrin
  • acidic chyme on duodenum
A

-GASTRIN

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19
Q

gastritis and peptic ulcers can all be caused by

A

the Helicobacter pylori bacterium

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20
Q

the gallbladder contracts in response to what hormone?

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)

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21
Q

blockage of the ileocecal valve would prevent

A

chyme from entering the large intestine

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22
Q

nutrient rich blood front he digestive tract comes to the liver by way of the

A

hepatic portal vein

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23
Q

the gallbladder

A

STORES bile

the liver produces bile

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24
Q

functions of the liver include:

  • interconversion of nutrients -bile production
  • prod. of many blood proteins -detox. of harmful chemical
  • ALL of the above
A

ALL of the above

  • interconversion of nutrients -bile production
  • prod. of many blood proteins -detox. of harmful chemical
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25
Q

what organ has this histological structure:

cords of cells radiating outward from a central vein with sinusoids between the cords of the cells

A

the LIVER

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26
Q

arrange the ducts in order that the bile would pass through them when moving through the BILE CANALICULI to the SMALL INTESTINE w/o being stored int he gallbladder

  • common bile duct
  • common hepatic duct
  • cystic duct
  • left and right hepatic ducts
A

(4,2,1)

  1. left and right hepatic ducts
  2. common hepatic duct
  3. common bile duct

(no cystic duct)

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27
Q

arrange int he correct order:

  • absorption of lipids
  • emulsification
  • micelle formation
  • digestion of lipids
A

(2,4,3,1)

  1. emulsification
  2. digestion of lipids
  3. micelle formation
  4. absorption of lipids
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28
Q

damage to the liver would hamper digestion of:

A

lipids

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29
Q

which of the following structures has both ENDOcrine and EXOcrine tissue?

  • liver
  • pancreas
  • spleen
  • colon
  • gallbladder
A

PANCREAS

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30
Q

which enzymes is mismatched with w/ its substance?

  • lipase–fat -pepsin–protein
  • amylase–starch -deoxyribonucleases–DNA
  • trypsin–nucleic acids
A

-TRYPSIN–nucleic acids

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31
Q

what part of the colon is closest to the rectum

A

SIGMOID colon

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32
Q

one of the major functions of the large intestine is to :

A

convert chyme to feces

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33
Q

feces consist of:

  • undigestible food
  • bacteria
  • sloughed-off epithelial cells
  • water
  • ALL of these
A

ALL of THESE

  • undigestible food
  • bacteria
  • sloughed-off epithelial cells
  • water
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34
Q

which does NOT indicate DIGESTION

disaccharides-->monosaccharides
protein-->amino acids
fat-->fatty acids & glycerols
polysaccharides-->disaccharides
CO2 & H2O-->carbohydrates
A

CO2 & H2O–>carbohydrates

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35
Q

what stimulate the the defecation reflex

A

DISTENTION of the rectum

36
Q

in comparison to a LDL, a HDL contains

A

LESS lipid

37
Q

is the number of villi in the small intestine > or < the number of villi in the large intestine

A

the number of villi in the small intestine is GREATER than the number of villi in the large intestine

38
Q

is the pH in the stomach during digestion > or < the pH in the duodenum during digestion

A

is the pH in the stomach during digestion is LESS than the pH in the duodenum during digestion

39
Q

what is ventilation?

A

movement of air into and out of the lungs

40
Q

what is internal respiration?

A

gas exchange between the blood and body tissues

41
Q

what is the pathway from the external nares to the trachea?

A

nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea

42
Q

which functions are associated with the nose?

  • external respiration
  • initiating the cough reflex
  • warming the air
  • producing mucus to trap debris from the air
  • C and D
A

C and D

  • warming the air
  • producing mucus to trap debris from the air
43
Q

what is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages (Adam’s Apple)?

A

THYROID cartilage

44
Q

during swallowing, the opening into the larynx is covered by the

A

EPiGLoTTiS

45
Q

what has “C” shaped cartilage rings that form its anterior and lateral sides

A

the TRACHEA

46
Q

the left lung contains___lobes and the right lung contains ___ lobes

A

the LEFT lung contains 3 lobes and the RIGHT lung contains 2 lobes.

47
Q

the RESPIRATORY ZONE of the tracheobronchial tree includes the

A

AVEOLI

48
Q

which of the following structures has the smallest diameter

  • respiratory bronchiole
  • trachea
  • secondary bronchus
  • tertiary bronchus
  • primary bronchus
A

RESPIRATORY bronchiole

49
Q

diameter of the bronchioles can change because their walls contain

A

smooth muscle

50
Q

the walls of the alveoli are…

A

are composed of simple squamous epithelium

51
Q

gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood takes place in the …

A

ALVEOLI

52
Q

contraction of the____will increase the vertical (superior-infereior) dimension of the thoracic cavity

A

DIAPHRAGM

53
Q

for air to flow into or out of the lungs there must be

A

a PRESSURE GRADIENT established between the atmosphere and the alveoli

54
Q

which is TRUE

as alveolar volume increases, alveolar pressure (Palv) decreases

as thoracic volume increases, alveolar pressure (Palv) increases

A

as alveolar volume INcreases, alveolar pressure (Palv) DEcreases

55
Q

when the inspiratory muscles contract

A

THORACIC volume increases

56
Q

during expiration, the ALVEOLAR pressure must be

A

GREATER than ATMOSPHERIC pressure

during exp: P b < P alv
during inh: P b > P alv
end of exp: P b = P alv
end of inh: P b = P alv

57
Q

the serous membranes that surround the lungs are called the

A

pleural membranes

58
Q

surfactant facilitates alveolar ventilation by

A

decreasing surface tension between water molecules on the lining of the alveoli

59
Q

oxygenated blood is carried to the tissue of the lungs via the

A

bronchial arteries

60
Q

air in the pleural cavity is called

A

pneumothorax

61
Q

the VOLUME of air available for gas exchange per MINUTE is called the

A

the functional residual capacity

62
Q

“Mr Huff and Puff exhales normally; then, using FORCED EXPIRATION, he exhales as much air as possible. The volume of air still remaining in his lungs is called the …”

A

RESIDUAL volume

63
Q

which of the following will increase the rate of gas exchange across the respiratory membrane?

  • decreased surface area of the respiratory membrane
  • increased surface area of the respiratory membrane\
  • increased fluid in the alveoli
  • increased thickness of the respiratory membrane
  • increased connective tissue in the alveolar wall
A

-INCREASED surface area of the respiratory membrane

64
Q

arrange the following in the order from highest to lowest PO2:

  1. PO2 pulmonary veins
  2. PO2 pulmonary artery
  3. PO2 alveolar air
A

(3,1,2)

  1. PO2 alveolar air
  2. PO2 pulmonary veins
  3. PO2 pulmonary artery
65
Q

oxygen diffusion from the alveolus to the pulmonary capillary occurs because

A

alveolar PO2 is greater than capillary PO2

66
Q

in what sequence does PO2 progressively decrease

  • atmospheric air, blood in the aorta, body tissues
  • body tissue, aorta, alveolar air
  • body tissue, alveolar air, arterial blood
  • blood in the aorta, atmospheric air, body tissues
  • body tissue, arterial blood, alveolar air
A

atmospheric air, blood in the aorta, body tissues

67
Q

oxygen in transported in the blood bound to what?

A

HEMOGLOBIN

68
Q

most oxygen is carried in the blood___; but most carbon dioxide is carried___.

A

bound to hemoglobin ; associated with bicarbonate ions

69
Q

Mr Jones has a pH of 7.25 and a temperature of 100.5 F. His oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve would

A

shift to the RIGHT, causing MORE O2 to be RELEASED to his cells

70
Q

when 2, 3 biphosphoglycerate (BPG) levels increase, hemoglobin…

A

release MORE OXYGEN to tissues

71
Q

Hemoglobin that has released its oxygen (Haldane Effect) will…

A

will bind more readily to carbon-dioxide

72
Q

the chloride shift refers to the

A

exchange of chloride ions for bicarbonate ions across the red blood cell membrane

73
Q

the major regulator of respiration is the plasma concentration of

A

CARBON-DIOXIDE

74
Q

the chemosensitive area of the brain that control ventilation rate is located in the

A

MEDULLA

75
Q

if there is an accumulation of acidic products in the plasma, one would expect

A

INCREASE in respiration rate

accumulation of acidic products = low pH

76
Q

A baby holding its breath will automatically start to breathe when…

A

CO2 levels in the blood reach a high enough value

77
Q

after hyperventilating for several minutes, a person may develop short period of apnea because

A

the level of CO2 decreases below the level necessary to stimulate the inspiratory center

78
Q

when CO2 levels in the blood INCREASE, the blood…

A

blood becomes MORE ACIDIC

79
Q

a respiratory disease characterized by decreased chloride ion diffusion out of cells and dehydrated respiratory secretions is

A

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

80
Q

A patient has severe pneumonia , which has thickened the respiratory membrane. Despite oxygen therapy , he still has rapid respirations and feels as if he is not getting enough air. This is because…

A

oxygen cannot diffuse across the thickened membrane

81
Q

is PO2 of arterial blood > or < PO2 of intracellular fluid

A

is PO2 of arterial blood GREATER than PO2 of intracellular fluid

82
Q

is PO2 in alveolar air > or < PO2 in venous blood

A

is PO2 in alveolar air GREATER than PO2 in venous blood

83
Q

the volume of air inspired or during a normal inspiration

A

tidal volume (TV)

84
Q

the amount of air that can be forcefully expired after expiration of the normal tidal volume

A

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

85
Q

volume of air remaining in lungs after the most forceful expiration

A

residual volume (RV)

86
Q

sum of the expiratory reserve, inspiratory reserve, and tidal volume

A

vital capacity (VC)

Anatomy II Final (3 decks)

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