exam 1 Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
Organ that is part of digestive tract/alimentary canal:
A
stomach
2
Q
arrange in the correct order:
- digestion
- elimination
- ingestion
- absorption
A
(3,1,4,2)
- ingestion
- digestion
- absorption
- elimination
3
Q
the sequence of digestive tract wall:
A
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
4
Q
what is the muscularis responsible for?
A
peristalsis
5
Q
what layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with food consumed?
A
mucosa
6
Q
what does the enteric plexus do?
A
controls movement and secretion of digestive tract
7
Q
in what phase of swallowing does the epiglottis cover the opening to the larynx?
A
the pharyngeal phase
8
Q
mastication
A
increases surface area of food particles
9
Q
what may happen if a person laughs while beginning to swallow?
A
relaxation of the soft palate allows liquid to enter the nasal cavity
10
Q
what is a function of the parietal cells
A
to produce hydrochloric acid
11
Q
the esophagus
A
has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food
12
Q
what is the name of the condition when part of the stomach extends through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity?
A
hiatal hernia
13
Q
why doesn’t the stomach digest itself?
A
because the stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus
14
Q
reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus occurs because of
A
relaxation of the CARDIAC sphincter
15
Q
hepatopanceratic ampulla formed by the union of the
A
common bile duct & pancreatic duct
16
Q
which layer of the small intestine wall contains cells with microvilli?
A
mucosa
17
Q
the INTESTINAL phase of gastric secretion
A
is controlled by entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum
18
Q
which will stimulate gastric secretion?
- secretin -CCK
- pepsin -gastrin
- acidic chyme on duodenum
A
-GASTRIN
19
Q
gastritis and peptic ulcers can all be caused by
A
the Helicobacter pylori bacterium
20
Q
the gallbladder contracts in response to what hormone?
A
cholecystokinin (CCK)
21
Q
blockage of the ileocecal valve would prevent
A
chyme from entering the large intestine
22
Q
nutrient rich blood front he digestive tract comes to the liver by way of the
A
hepatic portal vein
23
Q
the gallbladder
A
STORES bile
the liver produces bile
24
Q
functions of the liver include:
- interconversion of nutrients -bile production
- prod. of many blood proteins -detox. of harmful chemical
- ALL of the above
A
ALL of the above
- interconversion of nutrients -bile production
- prod. of many blood proteins -detox. of harmful chemical
25
what organ has this histological structure:
cords of cells radiating outward from a central vein with sinusoids between the cords of the cells
the LIVER
26
arrange the ducts in order that the bile would pass through them when moving through the BILE CANALICULI to the SMALL INTESTINE w/o being stored int he gallbladder
- common bile duct
- common hepatic duct
- cystic duct
- left and right hepatic ducts
(4,2,1)
1. left and right hepatic ducts
2. common hepatic duct
3. common bile duct
(no cystic duct)
27
arrange int he correct order:
- absorption of lipids
- emulsification
- micelle formation
- digestion of lipids
(2,4,3,1)
1. emulsification
2. digestion of lipids
3. micelle formation
4. absorption of lipids
28
damage to the liver would hamper digestion of:
lipids
29
which of the following structures has both ENDOcrine and EXOcrine tissue?
- liver
- pancreas
- spleen
- colon
- gallbladder
PANCREAS
30
which enzymes is mismatched with w/ its substance?
- lipase--fat -pepsin--protein
- amylase--starch -deoxyribonucleases--DNA
- trypsin--nucleic acids
-TRYPSIN--nucleic acids
31
what part of the colon is closest to the rectum
SIGMOID colon
32
one of the major functions of the large intestine is to :
convert chyme to feces
33
feces consist of:
- undigestible food
- bacteria
- sloughed-off epithelial cells
- water
- ALL of these
ALL of THESE
- undigestible food
- bacteria
- sloughed-off epithelial cells
- water
34
which does NOT indicate DIGESTION
```
disaccharides-->monosaccharides
protein-->amino acids
fat-->fatty acids & glycerols
polysaccharides-->disaccharides
CO2 & H2O-->carbohydrates
```
CO2 & H2O-->carbohydrates
35
what stimulate the the defecation reflex
DISTENTION of the rectum
36
in comparison to a LDL, a HDL contains
LESS lipid
37
is the number of villi in the small intestine > or < the number of villi in the large intestine
the number of villi in the small intestine is GREATER than the number of villi in the large intestine
38
is the pH in the stomach during digestion > or < the pH in the duodenum during digestion
is the pH in the stomach during digestion is LESS than the pH in the duodenum during digestion
39
what is ventilation?
movement of air into and out of the lungs
40
what is internal respiration?
gas exchange between the blood and body tissues
41
what is the pathway from the external nares to the trachea?
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
42
which functions are associated with the nose?
- external respiration
- initiating the cough reflex
- warming the air
- producing mucus to trap debris from the air
- C and D
C and D
- warming the air
- producing mucus to trap debris from the air
43
what is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages (Adam's Apple)?
THYROID cartilage
44
during swallowing, the opening into the larynx is covered by the
EPiGLoTTiS
45
what has "C" shaped cartilage rings that form its anterior and lateral sides
the TRACHEA
46
the left lung contains___lobes and the right lung contains ___ lobes
the LEFT lung contains 3 lobes and the RIGHT lung contains 2 lobes.
47
the RESPIRATORY ZONE of the tracheobronchial tree includes the
AVEOLI
48
which of the following structures has the smallest diameter
- respiratory bronchiole
- trachea
- secondary bronchus
- tertiary bronchus
- primary bronchus
RESPIRATORY bronchiole
49
diameter of the bronchioles can change because their walls contain
smooth muscle
50
the walls of the alveoli are...
are composed of simple squamous epithelium
51
gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood takes place in the ...
ALVEOLI
52
contraction of the____will increase the vertical (superior-infereior) dimension of the thoracic cavity
DIAPHRAGM
53
for air to flow into or out of the lungs there must be
a PRESSURE GRADIENT established between the atmosphere and the alveoli
54
which is TRUE
as alveolar volume increases, alveolar pressure (Palv) decreases
as thoracic volume increases, alveolar pressure (Palv) increases
as alveolar volume INcreases, alveolar pressure (Palv) DEcreases
55
when the inspiratory muscles contract
THORACIC volume increases
56
during expiration, the ALVEOLAR pressure must be
GREATER than ATMOSPHERIC pressure
during exp: P b < P alv
during inh: P b > P alv
end of exp: P b = P alv
end of inh: P b = P alv
57
the serous membranes that surround the lungs are called the
pleural membranes
58
surfactant facilitates alveolar ventilation by
decreasing surface tension between water molecules on the lining of the alveoli
59
oxygenated blood is carried to the tissue of the lungs via the
bronchial arteries
60
air in the pleural cavity is called
pneumothorax
61
the VOLUME of air available for gas exchange per MINUTE is called the
the functional residual capacity
62
"Mr Huff and Puff exhales normally; then, using FORCED EXPIRATION, he exhales as much air as possible. The volume of air still remaining in his lungs is called the ..."
RESIDUAL volume
63
which of the following will increase the rate of gas exchange across the respiratory membrane?
- decreased surface area of the respiratory membrane
- increased surface area of the respiratory membrane\
- increased fluid in the alveoli
- increased thickness of the respiratory membrane
- increased connective tissue in the alveolar wall
-INCREASED surface area of the respiratory membrane
64
arrange the following in the order from highest to lowest PO2:
1. PO2 pulmonary veins
2. PO2 pulmonary artery
3. PO2 alveolar air
(3,1,2)
1. PO2 alveolar air
2. PO2 pulmonary veins
3. PO2 pulmonary artery
65
oxygen diffusion from the alveolus to the pulmonary capillary occurs because
alveolar PO2 is greater than capillary PO2
66
in what sequence does PO2 progressively decrease
- atmospheric air, blood in the aorta, body tissues
- body tissue, aorta, alveolar air
- body tissue, alveolar air, arterial blood
- blood in the aorta, atmospheric air, body tissues
- body tissue, arterial blood, alveolar air
atmospheric air, blood in the aorta, body tissues
67
oxygen in transported in the blood bound to what?
HEMOGLOBIN
68
most oxygen is carried in the blood___; but most carbon dioxide is carried___.
bound to hemoglobin ; associated with bicarbonate ions
69
Mr Jones has a pH of 7.25 and a temperature of 100.5 F. His oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve would
shift to the RIGHT, causing MORE O2 to be RELEASED to his cells
70
when 2, 3 biphosphoglycerate (BPG) levels increase, hemoglobin...
release MORE OXYGEN to tissues
71
Hemoglobin that has released its oxygen (Haldane Effect) will...
will bind more readily to carbon-dioxide
72
the chloride shift refers to the
exchange of chloride ions for bicarbonate ions across the red blood cell membrane
73
the major regulator of respiration is the plasma concentration of
CARBON-DIOXIDE
74
the chemosensitive area of the brain that control ventilation rate is located in the
MEDULLA
75
if there is an accumulation of acidic products in the plasma, one would expect
INCREASE in respiration rate
| accumulation of acidic products = low pH
76
A baby holding its breath will automatically start to breathe when...
CO2 levels in the blood reach a high enough value
77
after hyperventilating for several minutes, a person may develop short period of apnea because
the level of CO2 decreases below the level necessary to stimulate the inspiratory center
78
when CO2 levels in the blood INCREASE, the blood...
blood becomes MORE ACIDIC
79
a respiratory disease characterized by decreased chloride ion diffusion out of cells and dehydrated respiratory secretions is
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
80
A patient has severe pneumonia , which has thickened the respiratory membrane. Despite oxygen therapy , he still has rapid respirations and feels as if he is not getting enough air. This is because...
oxygen cannot diffuse across the thickened membrane
81
is PO2 of arterial blood > or < PO2 of intracellular fluid
is PO2 of arterial blood GREATER than PO2 of intracellular fluid
82
is PO2 in alveolar air > or < PO2 in venous blood
is PO2 in alveolar air GREATER than PO2 in venous blood
83
the volume of air inspired or during a normal inspiration
tidal volume (TV)
84
the amount of air that can be forcefully expired after expiration of the normal tidal volume
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
85
volume of air remaining in lungs after the most forceful expiration
residual volume (RV)
86
sum of the expiratory reserve, inspiratory reserve, and tidal volume
vital capacity (VC)
