Exam 1 Flashcards
The Wernicke-Lichtheim Model
- There are several types of aphasia, each resulting from a lesion to a different part of the brain.
- Lichtheim expanded Wernicke’s model and predicted 7 types of aphasia.
- The model suggests that there are anatomical areas of the brain associated with functions, and lesions in that area results in different kinds of aphasia.
The Wernicke-Lichtheim Model
concept area
broca area Wernicke’s area
Periphery Periphery
articulatory movements Acoustic signal
Each lesion represents a different type of Aphasia
Aphasic Symptoms
Anomia Circumlocutions paraphasia (semantic, phonemic, remote, perseverative) Jargon Stereotypic utterances agrammatism paragrammatism conduite d'approche
Anomia:
o Inability to produce intended word.
o Most common aspect of aphasia
o Due to word finding or retrieval problems
Circumlocutions
o Describe the intended word instead
o More common with fluent aphasia
o Example: “The thing that talks and you talk to someone”
Paraphasia (semantic/verbal; phonemic/literal; remote; perseverative)
o Produce alternative word instead of intended word
o Due to errors in word finding/retrieval
Semantic/Verbal paraphasia
- The word produced is semantically related to the target word
- Example: Scissors for knife
Phonemic/Literal paraphasia:
- Phonological errors – Sounds similar to the target word
- Can be real or invented words
- Follow typically phonotactic rules of language. They are NOT a random mix of words.
- Example: Fower for Flower
Remote paraphasia
- Unrelated to target word
* Example: tractor for spoon
Perseverative paraphasia:
• Previously activated words interfere with new word finding and/or retrieval.
Phonemic jargon:
• Sound like a foreign language
Semantic jargon:
• Sound like you should be able to understand what is being said but you can’t grasp the concept
Stereotypic Utterances:
o Sounds, syllables, words, phrases possible o Example: • “ta ta ta” • “celery”, “lucky” • “I don’t know”, “thank you”
Agrammatism:
o Telegraphic Speech o No grammar o Lack of function words o Also receptive: Cannot analyze syntax of sentence to understand proper meaning. o Typical for Broca’s aphasia
• Paragrammatism:
o Incomplete sentences or 2 sentences fused together into one long inadequate sentence.
o Typical for Wernicke’s aphasia
Conduit d’aproche
: The process that a person with aphasia uses to get to the word they are trying to say.
Example: Chicken – rooster – egg – hen – when
The pathway of the blood from the heart to the brain
heart , aorta
vertebral artery +basilar artery+ posterior cerebral artery
common carotid+ external carotid
common carotid+ internal carotid + (middle cerebral artery, anterior cerebral artery, ophthalmic artery, posterior communicative artery)
cerebral anterior artery damage
- Paralysis: Contralateral hemiplegia of leg only
- Cognitive, emotional, personality changes: Attention, memory, judgment, reasoning, learning
- Apraxia of gait
cerebral middle artery damage
• Contralateral hemiplegia: weakness on one side of body
o face and arms usually more affected than legs
• Cortical hypothesia :numbness in same side as motor loss
• Hemianopsia : loss of one half of the visual field in each eye
• Aphasia: if dominant hemisphere is affected
• Visual Agnosia :inability to assign meaning to what you see
• Apraxia
• Unilateral Dysarthria
cerebral posterior artery damage
- Dyslexia: Difficulty reading or recognizing words,
- Dyscalculia: difficulty with math
- Memory impairments, higher cognitive functions: Cerebellar functions
- Hemianopsia: Loss of one half of vision field in each eye
- Visual agnosia
- Cortical blindness
- Ataxic dysarthria: cerebellar blood supply
Diseases that cause stroke:
Ataxia of gait • Ataxic dysarthria • Dyslexia/Alexia • Memory loss (motor memory) • Dyscalculia (neurogenic)
Multimodal model of language processing
- Model oriented assessment lead to individualized treatment procedures.
- Multimodal models can focus on specific, individual deficits to restore function and improve communication.
Agnosia:
Due to disconnect between perception and stored association (object recognition unit)
• Once object I recognized as “know”, the brain searches for meaning in semantic system.
The semantic system is often conceptualized as 2 parts:
- Concept knowledge:
2. Lexical semantics
