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Renal Physiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What are the four ways that water is lost by the body?

What is responsible for the most water loss?

A

insensible water loss
sweating
lost in feces
filtered by the kidney

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1
Q

What is the fluid intake of the kidney?

A

2300ml/day

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2
Q

What is the only thing that plasma and interstitial fluid do not share?

A

protein

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3
Q

What percentage of intracellular fluid makes up a humans body weight?

a. 20%
b. 40%
c. 60%
d. 80%

A

b

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4
Q

What are the two components of extracellular fluid?

What separates the two?

What percentage of body weight is composed of extracellular fluid?

A

protein and interstitial fluid

capillary membrane

20%

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5
Q

What are the two main ions in the intracellular fluid?

A

potassium and phosphate ion

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6
Q

T/F

Most electrolytes are permeable to the cell membrane between intracellular and extracellular fluid.

A

False

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7
Q

What is the definition of hydrostatic pressure?

A

the addition of water that pushes water into a solute free area

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8
Q

osmotic pressure equals what?

A

osmotic pressure = hydrostatic pressure + osmotic forces

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9
Q

osmoles per liter of water is a definition of what

a. osmolarity
b. osmolality

A

a

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10
Q

Which two of the following are examples of ineffective osmolarity?

a. Na+
b. K+
c. Urea
d. Ethanol
e. glucose

A

c, d

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11
Q

T/F A solute unable to pass between the extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid is considered to have ineffective osmolarity

A

False, it is consider effective osmolarity

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12
Q

a way to calculate the potential osmotic pressure of a solution across an impermeable membrane.

A

Van’t Hoff’s law

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13
Q

Which has the highest osmotic pressure?

a. plasma
b. interstitial fluid
c. intracellular fluid

A

a

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14
Q

What is one of the most common causes of edema?

A

heart failure

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15
Q

Interstitial fluid (negative) hydrostatic pressure in loose subcutaneous tissues of the body

A

-3mmHg

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16
Q

increased lymph flow

A

7mmHg

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17
Q

Washdown of proteins

A

7mmHg

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18
Q

the total defense of the body while protecting against edema…

A

17mmHg

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19
Q

what osmolarity would a solution have to have to be isotonic to a cell?

A

282mOsm/L

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20
Q

a solution that has less then 282mOsm/L would be considered what type of solution?

A solution that has more than 282mOsm/L?

A

hypotonic

it has less than .9% sodium chloride
less the 5% glucose

hypertonic

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21
Q

What is the amount of water lost by each method of water loss for the body? (measured in mL/day)

a. insensible water
b. sweating
c. feces
d. lost by the kidney

A

a. 600-800
b. 100
c. 100
d. 1300

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22
Q

What is the main thing that effects osmotic pressure?

A

number of active or dissociable solutes/particles in the solution

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23
Q

T/F

An effective osmole is capable of moving a solute particle from intracellular fluid to extracellular fluid.

A

False

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24
Q

What is an ineffective osmole?

A

A solute that is unable to cause water movement across the membrane

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25
Q

A solution that is less than 0.9% sodium chloride solution and less than 5% glucose solution would be consider what type of solution?

A

Hypotonic solution

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26
Q

What are two fluids with permeable substances?

A

Urea and Ethonal

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27
Q

How long does it take the body to achieve osmotic equilibrium?

A

~30min

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28
Q

A patient is diagnosed with addison disease, what could you conclude about the patient?

a. patient has excess sodium
b. patient has insufficient sodium
c. decreased extracellular fluid
d. increased extracellular fluid

A

b and c, you could conclude that the patient has hyponatremia

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29
Q

An excess secretion of antidiuretic hormone or an overuse of them could lead to what?

A

hyponatremia

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30
Q

Hypernatremia is describes as what…

A

excess amount of sodium in the extracellular fluid

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31
Q

What condition could be an indicator if the patient is suffering from hypernatremia?

A

diabetes insepidus because the patient has excreted large amounts of urine

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32
Q

What hormone could be over secreted if a patient has Hypernatremia and is well hydrated?

A

aldosterone

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33
Q

What would occur to the cells of a patient who his suffering from hypernatremia and overly hydrated?

A

cell shrinkage

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34
Q

What is the most common type of electrolyte disorder?

A

hyponatremia

35
Q

hyponatremia causes cells to do what?

A

swell

36
Q

What two things does the body do to evolve to adapt with hyponatrema?

A
  1. transport solutes into the extracellular fluid

2. Nerve demylanation

37
Q

What are two fluids with permeable substances?

What are they known as?

These substances are lipid soluble, what does this mean in reference to the membrane of the cell?

A

Urea and Ethanol

Ineffective osmoles

It is highly permeable

38
Q

How long does it take the body to achieve equilibrium after the ingestion of water?

A

30 min

39
Q

What is a good way to measure a patients fluid concentration?

A

the plasma sodium concentration

40
Q

A patient with excess water or decreased sodium would be characterized as…

A

hyponatremia

41
Q

The overuse of diaretics could lead to what condition?

A

hyponatremia

Addison’s disease

42
Q

When the kidney’s wont absorb sodium

A

Addison’s disease

43
Q

Excess water retention and an excess of antidieretic hormone is known as…

A

hyponatremia-overhydration

44
Q

An increase in plasma sodium concentration

A

hypernatremia

45
Q

What would anti-diuretic do?

A

needed for the kidney to conserve water

46
Q

What condition would be indicative by an inability to secrete anti-diuretic hormone?

A

hypernatremia-dehydration

Diabetes insepitus

47
Q

What will occur to a cell in a hypernatremic-overhydrated body

A

cell shrinkage

48
Q

The excess secretion of what hormone causes an reuptake of both sodium and hydragen, and what condition will develop because of it?

A

aldosterone, hypernatremia-overhydration

49
Q

What is the most common electrolyte disorder seen in clinics?

A

hyponatremia

50
Q

A strong thirst sensation might be indicative of what condition?

A

hypernatremia

51
Q

How does the body respond to hypernatremia?

A

an increase in the solute concentration of the cell

52
Q

At what level are the kidneys found?

What is the weight of the kidney?

A

L1-4

150g

53
Q

What structures leave the kidney at the hilum?

A

Renal artery/vein
Lymphatics
Nerve supply
ureter

54
Q

What surrounds the kidney?

A

tough renal capsule

55
Q

What structures are located in the medulla of the kidney?

A 
8-10 renal pyramids 
Base is at cortical-medullary border 
 Tip is called the papilla 
 Major calyces 
 Minor calyces
56
Q

What three things contract to propel urine?

A

Calyces, renal pelvis, and ureter

57
Q

What percent of cardiac output goes to the kidney?

How many is filtered per minute?

A

22%

1100 mL/min

58
Q

What is the order of kidney blood flow?

A 
Renal artery 
Interlobar arteries 
Arcuate arteries 
Interlobular arterioles 
Afferent arterioles 
Glomerular capillaries
Efferent arteriole 
Peritubular capillaries
59
Q

What separates glomerular capillaries?

A

efferent arterioles

60
Q

What are the two capillary beds?

A

Glomerular and Peritubular beds

61
Q

Efferent arterioles help the regulate what?

A

hydrostatic pressure

62
Q

Which capillary bed has a higher hydrostatic pressure?

a. Glomerular
b. Peritubular

A

a

60 mmHg vs 13 mmHg

63
Q

Which capillary bed causes a rapid fluid filtration?

a. Glomerular
b. Peritubular

A

a

Peritubular allow for a rapid fluid reabsorbtion

64
Q

What changes the rate of glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption?

A

A change in hydrostatic pressure in the afferent and efferent arterioles

65
Q

How many nephrons does the kidney have?

A

800,000 to 100,000,000 nephrons

66
Q

What are the 2 different nephron structures?

A

Cortical nephron

Juxtamedullary nephron

67
Q

T/F

The kidney can regenerate new nephrons

A

False, it cannot

68
Q

Glomarular capillaries are encased in…

A

Bowman’scapsule

69
Q

Fluid filtered from the glomarular capillaries

A

Bowman’s capsule->proximal tubule->loop of
Henle->macula densa-> distal tubule->
connecting tubule->cortical collecting duct->
medullary collecting duct->renal pelvis through the tips of the renal papillae

70
Q 
Cortical nephron...
Short or long loop of Henle
penetration into the medulla is... (short, far)
Percentage (70-80%, 20-30%)
surrounded by...
A

short
short
70-80
peritubular capillaries

71
Q

Which type of nephron contains the Vasa Recta

a. Cortical
b. Juxtamedullary

A

b

72
Q

Conditions that cause intracellular edema

A

Hyponatremia
Depression of metabolic systems in the tissues
Decreased nutrition to the cells

73
Q

if the patient has hyponatremia what is the state (concentration) of there Na+ levels?

A

Decreased sodium concentrations

74
Q

What are the physiologic reasons for neurologic signs?

A

Hyotonic situation.
 Low Na+ levels in the extracellular fluids
Cells swell

75
Q

Edema is most likely found…

a. intracellular
b. extracellular

A

b

76
Q

What does inflammation do to cell permeability?

A

increases it

77
Q

During inflammation what ions diffuse into the cell?

A

Na and other ions

78
Q

What is the main cause of extracellular edema?

A

Failure of lymphatics to return fluid from the interstitium back to the blood

79
Q

Increased capillary filtration

Increase or decrease in the permeability and surface area of the capillary
Increased or decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Increased or decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure

A
  1. increase
  2. increased
  3. decreased
80
Q

failure of the lymph vessels to return fluid and protein to the the blood

A

lymphedema

81
Q

What is one of the most common causes of edema?

A

Heart failure

82
Q

when fluid in lymph tissue increases, how much does it increase by?

A

increase 10-50 fold when fluid accumulates in the tissues

83
Q

how does the body protect against edema

A 
 Interstitial fluid (negative) hydrostatic pressure in loosesubcutaneous tissues of the body 
 3mmHg 
 Increased lymph flow 
 7mmHg 
 Washdown of proteins 
 7mmHg
84
Q

What is the total safety factor against edema?

A

17mmHg

Renal Physiology (2 decks)

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