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Renal Physiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What are the four ways that water is lost by the body?

What is responsible for the most water loss?

A

insensible water loss
sweating
lost in feces
filtered by the kidney

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1
Q

What is the fluid intake of the kidney?

A

2300ml/day

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2
Q

What is the only thing that plasma and interstitial fluid do not share?

A

protein

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3
Q

What percentage of intracellular fluid makes up a humans body weight?

a. 20%
b. 40%
c. 60%
d. 80%

A

b

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4
Q

What are the two components of extracellular fluid?

What separates the two?

What percentage of body weight is composed of extracellular fluid?

A

protein and interstitial fluid

capillary membrane

20%

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5
Q

What are the two main ions in the intracellular fluid?

A

potassium and phosphate ion

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6
Q

T/F

Most electrolytes are permeable to the cell membrane between intracellular and extracellular fluid.

A

False

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7
Q

What is the definition of hydrostatic pressure?

A

the addition of water that pushes water into a solute free area

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8
Q

osmotic pressure equals what?

A

osmotic pressure = hydrostatic pressure + osmotic forces

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9
Q

osmoles per liter of water is a definition of what

a. osmolarity
b. osmolality

A

a

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10
Q

Which two of the following are examples of ineffective osmolarity?

a. Na+
b. K+
c. Urea
d. Ethanol
e. glucose

A

c, d

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11
Q

T/F A solute unable to pass between the extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid is considered to have ineffective osmolarity

A

False, it is consider effective osmolarity

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12
Q

a way to calculate the potential osmotic pressure of a solution across an impermeable membrane.

A

Van’t Hoff’s law

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13
Q

Which has the highest osmotic pressure?

a. plasma
b. interstitial fluid
c. intracellular fluid

A

a

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14
Q

What is one of the most common causes of edema?

A

heart failure

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15
Q

Interstitial fluid (negative) hydrostatic pressure in loose subcutaneous tissues of the body

A

-3mmHg

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16
Q

increased lymph flow

A

7mmHg

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17
Q

Washdown of proteins

A

7mmHg

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18
Q

the total defense of the body while protecting against edema…

A

17mmHg

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19
Q

what osmolarity would a solution have to have to be isotonic to a cell?

A

282mOsm/L

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20
Q

a solution that has less then 282mOsm/L would be considered what type of solution?

A solution that has more than 282mOsm/L?

A

hypotonic

it has less than .9% sodium chloride
less the 5% glucose

hypertonic

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21
Q

What is the amount of water lost by each method of water loss for the body? (measured in mL/day)

a. insensible water
b. sweating
c. feces
d. lost by the kidney

A

a. 600-800
b. 100
c. 100
d. 1300

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22
Q

What is the main thing that effects osmotic pressure?

A

number of active or dissociable solutes/particles in the solution

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23
Q

T/F

An effective osmole is capable of moving a solute particle from intracellular fluid to extracellular fluid.

A

False

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24
What is an ineffective osmole?
A solute that is unable to cause water movement across the membrane
25
A solution that is less than 0.9% sodium chloride solution and less than 5% glucose solution would be consider what type of solution?
Hypotonic solution
26
What are two fluids with permeable substances?
Urea and Ethonal
27
How long does it take the body to achieve osmotic equilibrium?
~30min
28
A patient is diagnosed with addison disease, what could you conclude about the patient? a. patient has excess sodium b. patient has insufficient sodium c. decreased extracellular fluid d. increased extracellular fluid
b and c, you could conclude that the patient has hyponatremia
29
An excess secretion of antidiuretic hormone or an overuse of them could lead to what?
hyponatremia
30
Hypernatremia is describes as what...
excess amount of sodium in the extracellular fluid
31
What condition could be an indicator if the patient is suffering from hypernatremia?
diabetes insepidus because the patient has excreted large amounts of urine
32
What hormone could be over secreted if a patient has Hypernatremia and is well hydrated?
aldosterone
33
What would occur to the cells of a patient who his suffering from hypernatremia and overly hydrated?
cell shrinkage
34
What is the most common type of electrolyte disorder?
hyponatremia
35
hyponatremia causes cells to do what?
swell
36
What two things does the body do to evolve to adapt with hyponatrema?
1. transport solutes into the extracellular fluid | 2. Nerve demylanation
37
What are two fluids with permeable substances? What are they known as? These substances are lipid soluble, what does this mean in reference to the membrane of the cell?
Urea and Ethanol Ineffective osmoles It is highly permeable
38
How long does it take the body to achieve equilibrium after the ingestion of water?
30 min
39
What is a good way to measure a patients fluid concentration?
the plasma sodium concentration
40
A patient with excess water or decreased sodium would be characterized as...
hyponatremia
41
The overuse of diaretics could lead to what condition?
hyponatremia Addison's disease
42
When the kidney's wont absorb sodium
Addison's disease
43
Excess water retention and an excess of antidieretic hormone is known as...
hyponatremia-overhydration
44
An increase in plasma sodium concentration
hypernatremia
45
What would anti-diuretic do?
needed for the kidney to conserve water
46
What condition would be indicative by an inability to secrete anti-diuretic hormone?
hypernatremia-dehydration Diabetes insepitus
47
What will occur to a cell in a hypernatremic-overhydrated body
cell shrinkage
48
The excess secretion of what hormone causes an reuptake of both sodium and hydragen, and what condition will develop because of it?
aldosterone, hypernatremia-overhydration
49
What is the most common electrolyte disorder seen in clinics?
hyponatremia
50
A strong thirst sensation might be indicative of what condition?
hypernatremia
51
How does the body respond to hypernatremia?
an increase in the solute concentration of the cell
52
At what level are the kidneys found? What is the weight of the kidney?
L1-4 150g
53
What structures leave the kidney at the hilum?
Renal artery/vein Lymphatics Nerve supply ureter
54
What surrounds the kidney?
tough renal capsule
55
What structures are located in the medulla of the kidney?
``` 8-10 renal pyramids Base is at cortical-medullary border Tip is called the papilla Major calyces Minor calyces ```
56
What three things contract to propel urine?
Calyces, renal pelvis, and ureter
57
What percent of cardiac output goes to the kidney? How many is filtered per minute?
22% 1100 mL/min
58
What is the order of kidney blood flow?
``` Renal artery Interlobar arteries Arcuate arteries Interlobular arterioles Afferent arterioles Glomerular capillaries Efferent arteriole Peritubular capillaries ```
59
What separates glomerular capillaries?
efferent arterioles
60
What are the two capillary beds?
Glomerular and Peritubular beds
61
Efferent arterioles help the regulate what?
hydrostatic pressure
62
Which capillary bed has a higher hydrostatic pressure? a. Glomerular b. Peritubular
a | 60 mmHg vs 13 mmHg
63
Which capillary bed causes a rapid fluid filtration? a. Glomerular b. Peritubular
a Peritubular allow for a rapid fluid reabsorbtion
64
What changes the rate of glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption?
A change in hydrostatic pressure in the afferent and efferent arterioles
65
How many nephrons does the kidney have?
800,000 to 100,000,000 nephrons
66
What are the 2 different nephron structures?
Cortical nephron | Juxtamedullary nephron
67
T/F | The kidney can regenerate new nephrons
False, it cannot
68
Glomarular capillaries are encased in...
Bowman’scapsule
69
Fluid filtered from the glomarular capillaries
Bowman’s capsule->proximal tubule->loop of Henle->macula densa-> distal tubule-> connecting tubule->cortical collecting duct-> medullary collecting duct->renal pelvis through the tips of the renal papillae
70
``` Cortical nephron... Short or long loop of Henle penetration into the medulla is... (short, far) Percentage (70-80%, 20-30%) surrounded by... ```
short short 70-80 peritubular capillaries
71
Which type of nephron contains the Vasa Recta a. Cortical b. Juxtamedullary
b
72
Conditions that cause intracellular edema
Hyponatremia Depression of metabolic systems in the tissues Decreased nutrition to the cells
73
if the patient has hyponatremia what is the state (concentration) of there Na+ levels?
Decreased sodium concentrations
74
What are the physiologic reasons for neurologic signs?
Hyotonic situation.  Low Na+ levels in the extracellular fluids Cells swell
75
Edema is most likely found... a. intracellular b. extracellular
b
76
What does inflammation do to cell permeability?
increases it
77
During inflammation what ions diffuse into the cell?
Na and other ions
78
What is the main cause of extracellular edema?
Failure of lymphatics to return fluid from the interstitium back to the blood
79
Increased capillary filtration Increase or decrease in the permeability and surface area of the capillary Increased or decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure Increased or decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure
1. increase 2. increased 3. decreased
80
failure of the lymph vessels to return fluid and protein to the the blood
lymphedema
81
What is one of the most common causes of edema?
Heart failure
82
when fluid in lymph tissue increases, how much does it increase by?
increase 10-50 fold when fluid accumulates in the tissues
83
how does the body protect against edema
```  Interstitial fluid (negative) hydrostatic pressure in loosesubcutaneous tissues of the body  3mmHg  Increased lymph flow  7mmHg  Washdown of proteins  7mmHg ```
84
What is the total safety factor against edema?
17mmHg

Renal Physiology (2 decks)

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