Exam 1,2 BIO Flashcards
what is the structural form of glucose and its structural and stereo isomers.
The structural formula of glucose(monosaccharide), is C6H12O6
Fructose- An isomer of glucose with a different arrangement of atoms
Galactose-Another isomer with a distinct structural arrangement
Know what makes an aldehyde and a ketone
An aldehyde is an organic compound in which the carbonyl group is attached to a carbon atom at the end of a carbon chain. A ketone is an organic compound in which the carbonyl group is attached to a carbon atom within the carbon chain.
Understand redux reactions
Redox reactions are comprised of two parts, a reduced half and an oxidized half, that always occur together.
Know the difference between cations and anions
Cations are ions that are positively charged. Anions are ions that are negatively charged.
Understand the hierarchical levels of biological organization
organelle, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystem, and biosphere.
Know the definition of variable and control
A controlled variable in an experiment is the one that the researcher holds constant or controls. Control variables are the variables or elements that researchers strive to keep constant throughout their research so that they would not influence the outcomes.
Understand that Darwin proposed the mechanism to evolution and know what that
mechanism was called
natural selection.
Know the concept of scientific theory and how that differs from a common vernacular
concept of a theory
In science, a theory is a thoroughly tested and verified set of explanations for a body of observations of nature. It is the strongest form of knowledge in science. In contrast, a theory in common vernacular can mean a guess or speculation about something, meaning that the knowledge implied by the theory is very weak.
Understand the differences of induc ve and deductive reasoning and how to determine
which reasoning is being used from examples provided
Inductive reasoning involves starting from specific premises and forming a general conclusion, while deductive reasoning involves using general premises to form a specific conclusion
Know the steps of the scientific method and what each step means
Question, Research, Hypothesis, Experiment, Data Analysis, Conclusion, and Communication.
general definition of evolution
Evolution may be defined as any net directional change or any cumulative change in the characteristics of organisms or populations over many generations—in other words, descent with modification
Understand who Thomas Malthus was and how he contributed to Darwin’s thinking
Malthus’ work made Darwin realize the importance of overpopulation and how it was necessary to have variability in different populations.
Know what homologous structures are and what examples of each might be
Homologous structures are similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions.
Know what analogous structures are and what examples might be
Analogous structures are structures that are similar in function with different structural compositions. They have a different ancestral origin and hence do not have a shared common ancestor.
Know the definition of homeostasis and how it works in your body
The tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment is called homeostasis. The body maintains homeostasis for many factors in addition to temperature. For instance, the concentration of various ions in your blood must be kept steady, along with pH and the concentration of glucose.
Know what makes up an atom’s nucleus
The nucleus of an atom consists of neutrons and protons
Be able to know what makes an isotope and recognize examples
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons (i.e., atomic number, “Z”) but a different number of neutrons, meaning that their mass number, “A”, varies.( For example, there are three isotopes of carbon: Carbon-12, Carbon-13, and Carbon-14. They have atomic masses of 12, 13, and 14, respectively.)
Know the definition of an atom
An atom is a particle that consists of a nucleus of protons and generally neutrons, surrounded by an electromagnetically-bound swarm of electrons
Be able to recognize the basic construction of lipids and what makes them different from other
macromolecules
lipids differ from nucleic acids and proteins because they mostly just contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Another major characteristic that differentiates the lipids from other macromolecules is their hydrophobicity
Know the dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
Dehydration synthesis reactions build molecules up and generally require energy, while hydrolysis reactions break molecules down and generally release energy.
Know what amino acids are all constructed of and have in common
All amino acids have the same basic structure. Each molecule has a central carbon atom linked together with a basic amino group, a carboxylic acid group, a hydrogen atom and an R-group, or side-chain group
Know what makes ions
When a stable atom gains or loses an electron, it becomes an ion. For example, when chlorine takes an electron from sodium, and sodium gives that electron to chlorine, they become ions and form NaCl.
Be able to tell the difference between ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds.
In a covalent bond, two atoms share one or more electrons. Water is a polar molecule. A hydrogen bond is a relatively weak bond between two oppositely partially charged sides of two or more molecules. In an ionic bond, an atom gives away one or more electrons to another atom.
Be able to tell the difference between polar and nonpolar bonds
Covalent bonds that are polar have an unequal sharing of a pair of electrons. This would be determined by an electronegativity difference of the two elements falling between 0.4 and 1.7. Non-polar bonds have less than 0.4 electronegativity difference.
Understand atomic mass
Atomic mass is roughly equal to the sum of the individual particle masses of an atom. Atomic mass is typically calculated by adding the number of protons and neutrons together,
Know that an electron is found in its orbital
A region of space within an atom where an electron in a given subshell can be found.
Know that each orbital can contain no more than 2 electrons – thus “paired” electrons
no more than two electrons can occupy the same orbital and two electrons in the same orbital must have opposite spins
Understand which elements are predominantly in animal tissues
tissues -epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
(hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen)
Understand capillary action
Capillary action occurs when the adhesion to the walls is stronger than the cohesive forces between the liquid molecules.
Know which macromolecule stores hereditary information and what their monomer is
Nucleic acids are polymers that store, transmit, and express hereditary (genetic) information
Be able to recognize if a compound is organic or inorganic
organic compounds always have a carbon atom, while most of the inorganic compounds do not contain a carbon atom in them.
Know the polymer and monomer of carbohydrates
The monomers of carbohydrates are the monosaccharide units that are the basic building blocks of all sugars and starches. The polymers of carbohydrates are disaccharides and polysaccharides that consist of two or more monomers respectively.
